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Pathogenesis and ImmunityGp37 Regulates the Pathogenesis of Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J via Its C TerminusALV-J can cause severe immunosuppression and myeloid leukemia in infected chickens. However, no vaccine or antiviral drug is available against ALV-J, and the mechanism for ALV-J pathogenesis needs to be elucidated. It is generally believed that gp85 and LTR of ALV contribute to its pathogenesis. Here, we found that the C terminus and the tyrosine motifs (YxxM, ITIM, and ITAM-like) in the CTD of Gp37 of ALV-J could...
Structure and AssemblySalt Enhances the Thermostability of Enteroviruses by Stabilizing Capsid Protein InterfacesThe genus Enterovirus encompasses important contaminants of water and food (e.g., coxsackieviruses), as well as viruses of acute public health concern (e.g., poliovirus). Depending on the properties of the surrounding matrix, enteroviruses exhibit different sensitivities to heat, which in turn influences their persistence in the environment, during food treatment, and during vaccine storage. Here, we determined the effect of...
Vaccines and Antiviral Agents | SpotlightTrivalent Glycoprotein Subunit Vaccine Prevents Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Mortality and MorbidityHerpes simplex virus is among the most serious infections of newborns. Current antiviral therapies can prevent mortality if infection is recognized early and treated promptly. Most children who survive nHSV develop lifelong neurological and behavioral deficits, despite aggressive antiviral treatment. We propose that maternal immunization could provide protection against HSV for both mother and baby. To this end, we used a trivalent...
Virus-Cell InteractionsEpidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Abl2 Kinase Regulate Distinct Steps of Human Papillomavirus 16 EndocytosisHuman papillomaviruses are small, nonenveloped DNA viruses that infect skin and mucosa. The so-called high-risk HPVs (e.g., HPV16, HPV18, HPV31) have transforming potential and are associated with various anogenital and oropharyngeal tumors. These viruses enter host cells by a novel endocytic pathway with unknown cellular function. To date, it is unclear how endocytic vesicle formation occurs mechanistically. Here, we addressed the role...
Genetic Diversity and EvolutionComparative Analysis of RNA Virome Composition in Rabbits and Associated EctoparasitesEctoparasites play an important role in the transmission of many vertebrate-infecting viruses, including Zika and dengue viruses. Although it is becoming increasingly clear that invertebrate species harbor substantial virus diversity, it is unclear how many of the viruses carried by invertebrates have the potential to infect vertebrate species. We used the European rabbit (...
Genetic Diversity and Evolution | SpotlightSubtype Diversity of Influenza A Virus in North American Waterfowl: a Multidecade StudyWild aquatic birds are the primary natural reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs) and are therefore responsible for the dispersal and maintenance of IAVs representing a broad range of antigenic and genetic diversity. The aims of IAV surveillance in waterfowl not only relate to understanding the risk of spillover risk to humans, but also to improving our understanding of basic questions related to IAV evolution and ecology. By...
Virus-Cell InteractionsAlix-Mediated Rescue of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Budding Differs from That Observed with Human Immunodeficiency VirusFIV is a nonprimate lentivirus that infects domestic cats and causes a syndrome that is reminiscent of AIDS in humans. Based on its similarity to HIV with regard to different molecular and biochemical properties, FIV represents an attractive model for the development of strategies to prevent and/or treat HIV infection. Here, we show that the Bro1 domain of the human cellular protein Alix is sufficient to rescue the budding of FIV...
Vaccines and Antiviral AgentsEpigenetic Suppression of HIV in Myeloid Cells by the BRD4-Selective Small Molecule Modulator ZL0580Brain-resident microglia and perivascular macrophages are important HIV reservoirs in the CNS. Persistent viral replication and latent HIV reactivation in the CNS, even under ART, are believed to occur, causing neuroinflammation and neurological disorders in HIV-infected patients. It is critical to identify new approaches that can control residual HIV replication and/or latent HIV reactivation in these reservoirs. We here report that...