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Pathogenesis and ImmunityA Novel Antigenic Site Spanning Domains I and III of the Zika Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Is the Target of Strongly Neutralizing Human Monoclonal AntibodiesPeople infected with Zika virus develop durable neutralizing antibodies that prevent repeat infections. In the current study, we characterize a ZIKV-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody isolated from a patient after recovery. Our studies establish a novel site on the viral envelope that is targeted by human neutralizing antibodies. Our results are relevant to understanding how antibodies block infection and to guiding the design and...
Cellular Response to InfectionThe Polybasic Cleavage Site in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Modulates Viral Sensitivity to Type I Interferon and IFITM2The furin cleavage site in the spike protein is a distinguishing feature of SARS-CoV-2 and has been proposed to be a determinant for the higher transmissibility between individuals, compared to SARS-CoV-1. One explanation for this is that it permits more efficient activation of fusion at or near the cell surface rather than requiring processing in the endosome of the target cell.
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene ExpressionContributions of the Human Cytomegalovirus UL30-Associated Open Reading Frames to InfectionViral genes and their products are the critical determinants of viral infection. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes many gene products whose roles during viral infection have not been assessed. Elucidation of the contributions that various HCMV gene products make to infection provides insight into the infectious program, which could potentially be used to limit HCMV-associated morbidity, a major issue during congenital infection and...
Virus-Cell InteractionsG-Protein-Coupled Receptor and Ion Channel Genes Used by Influenza Virus for ReplicationInfluenza epidemics result in morbidity and mortality each year. Vaccines are the most effective preventive measure but require annual reformulation, since a mismatch of vaccine strains can result in vaccine failure.
Virus-Cell InteractionsSERINC5 Can Enhance Proinflammatory Cytokine Production by Primary Human Myeloid Cells in Response to Challenge with HIV-1 ParticlesSERINC5 (S5) is a host cell restriction factor (RF) that impairs the infectivity of HIV-1 particles in target cell lines. To assess the potential physiological relevance of this restriction, we assessed the effects of S5 on HIV-1 infection of relevant primary human target cells.
Vaccines and Antiviral AgentsEffect of an Adenovirus-Vectored Universal Influenza Virus Vaccine on Pulmonary Pathophysiology in a Mouse ModelRespiratory viruses can emerge and spread rapidly before vaccines are available. It would be a tremendous advance to use vaccines that protect against whole categories of viruses, such as universal influenza vaccines, without the need to predict which virus will emerge.
Virus-Cell InteractionsPorcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection Induces Caspase-8-Mediated G3BP1 Cleavage and Subverts Stress Granules To Promote Viral ReplicationCoronaviruses (CoVs) are drawing extensive attention again since the outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019. CoVs are prone to variation and own the transmission capability by crossing the species barrier resulting in reemergence.
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene ExpressionPhosphorylation Sites in the Hypervariable Domain in Chikungunya Virus nsP3 Are Crucial for Viral ReplicationCHIKV outbreaks have affected millions of people, creating a need for the development of antiviral approaches. nsP3 is a component of the CHIKV RNA replicase and is involved in interactions with host proteins and signaling cascades. Phosphorylation of the HVD in nsP3 is important for the virulent alphavirus phenotype.
Cellular Response to InfectionReduced Nucleoprotein Availability Impairs Negative-Sense RNA Virus Replication and Promotes Host RecognitionNegative-sense RNA viruses comprise some of the most important known human pathogens, including influenza A virus, measles virus, and Ebola virus. These viruses possess RNA genomes that are unreadable to the host, as they require specific viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in conjunction with other viral proteins, such as nucleoprotein, to be replicated and transcribed.
Pathogenesis and ImmunityQuantifying and Modeling the Acquisition and Retention of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by Hematophagus Insects Reveals Clinically but Not Subclinically Affected Cattle Are Promoters of Viral Transmission and Key Targets for Control of Disease OutbreaksLumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes a severe systemic disease characterized by cutaneous nodules in cattle. LSDV is a rapidly emerging pathogen, having spread since 2012 into Europe and Russia and across Asia.