virus entry
Virus-Cell InteractionsSARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Spike-Mediated Cell-Cell Fusion Differ in Their Requirements for Receptor Expression and Proteolytic ActivationCell-cell fusion allows viruses to infect neighboring cells without the need to produce free virus and contributes to tissue damage by creating virus-infected syncytia. Our results demonstrate that the S2′ cleavage site is essential for activation by TMPRSS2 and unravel important differences between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, among those, greater dependence of SARS-CoV-2 on ACE2 expression and activation by metalloproteases for cell-cell...
Virus-Cell InteractionsPorcine Complement Regulatory Protein CD46 Is a Major Receptor for Atypical Porcine Pestivirus but Not for Classical Swine Fever VirusPestiviruses comprise animal pathogens such as classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) that cause notifiable diseases with great economic impact. Several additional pestivirus species affecting animal health were recently identified, including atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV).
Virus-Cell InteractionsAntibody Screening System Using a Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)-Based Probe To Identify a Novel Target for Receptor-Retargeted Oncolytic HSVsThe tropism of the cellular entry of HSV is dependent on the binding of the envelope gD to one of its authentic receptors. This can be fully retargeted to other receptors by inserting scFvs into gD with appropriate modifications.
Structure and AssemblyLoss of the Vaccinia Virus 35-Amino-Acid Hydrophobic O3 Protein Is Partially Compensated by Mutations in the Transmembrane Domains of Other Entry ProteinsEntry into cells is an essential first step in virus replication and an important target of vaccine-elicited immunity. For enveloped viruses, this step involves the fusion of viral and host membranes to form a pore allowing entry of the genome and associated proteins.
Virus-Cell InteractionsSpike Glycoprotein and Host Cell Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 Entry and Cytopathic EffectsThe development of an effective and durable SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is essential for combating the growing COVID-19 pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein is the main target of neutralizing antibodies elicited during virus infection or following vaccination.
Structure and AssemblyCryo-electron Microscopy Structure of the Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein Provides Insights into Evolution of Unique Coronavirus Spike ProteinsIn this article, we report the atomic-resolution prefusion structure of the spike protein from swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). SADS-CoV is a pathogenic alphacoronavirus that was responsible for a large-scale outbreak of fatal disease in pigs and that was reported to be capable of interspecies transmission. We describe the overall structure of the SADS-CoV spike protein and conducted a detailed analysis of its main...
Virus-Cell InteractionsThe Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral EntryInfection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. ALV-J is an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups. Our results...
Virus-Cell InteractionsEpstein-Barr Virus gH/gL and Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus gH/gL Bind to Different Sites on EphA2 To Trigger FusionVirus entry into target cells is the first step for virus infection. Understanding the overall entry mechanism, including the binding mechanism of specific virus glycoproteins with cellular receptors, can be useful for the design of small molecule inhibitors and vaccine development. Recently, EphA2 was identified as an important entry receptor for both KSHV and EBV. In the present study, we investigated the required binding sites within...
Structure and Assembly | SpotlightA Virion-Based Assay for Glycoprotein Thermostability Reveals Key Determinants of Filovirus Entry and Its InhibitionThe development of Ebola virus countermeasures is challenged by our limited understanding of cell entry, especially at the step of membrane fusion. The surface-exposed viral protein, GP, mediates membrane fusion and undergoes major structural rearrangements during this process. The stability of GP at elevated temperatures (thermostability) can provide insights into its capacity to undergo these rearrangements. Here, we describe a new...
Virus-Cell Interactions | SpotlightFiloviruses Use the HOPS Complex and UVRAG To Traffic to Niemann-Pick C1 Compartments during Viral EntryEbola viruses (EBOV) and other filoviruses cause sporadic and unpredictable outbreaks of highly lethal diseases. The lack of FDA-approved therapeutics, particularly ones with panfiloviral specificity, highlights the need for continued research efforts to understand aspects of the viral life cycle that are common to all filoviruses. As such, viral entry is of particular interest, as all filoviruses must reach cellular compartments...