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virus entry

  • Free
    SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Spike-Mediated Cell-Cell Fusion Differ in Their Requirements for Receptor Expression and Proteolytic Activation
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Spike-Mediated Cell-Cell Fusion Differ in Their Requirements for Receptor Expression and Proteolytic Activation

    Cell-cell fusion allows viruses to infect neighboring cells without the need to produce free virus and contributes to tissue damage by creating virus-infected syncytia. Our results demonstrate that the S2′ cleavage site is essential for activation by TMPRSS2 and unravel important differences between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, among those, greater dependence of SARS-CoV-2 on ACE2 expression and activation by metalloproteases for cell-cell...

    Bojan F. Hörnich, Anna K. Großkopf, Sarah Schlagowski, Matthias Tenbusch, Hannah Kleine-Weber, Frank Neipel, Christiane Stahl-Hennig, Alexander S. Hahn
  • Open Access
    Porcine Complement Regulatory Protein CD46 Is a Major Receptor for Atypical Porcine Pestivirus but Not for Classical Swine Fever Virus
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Porcine Complement Regulatory Protein CD46 Is a Major Receptor for Atypical Porcine Pestivirus but Not for Classical Swine Fever Virus

    Pestiviruses comprise animal pathogens such as classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) that cause notifiable diseases with great economic impact. Several additional pestivirus species affecting animal health were recently identified, including atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV).

    Gökce Nur Cagatay, Aleksandra Antos, Oliver Suckstorff, Olaf Isken, Norbert Tautz, Paul Becher, Alexander Postel
  • Antibody Screening System Using a Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)-Based Probe To Identify a Novel Target for Receptor-Retargeted Oncolytic HSVs
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Antibody Screening System Using a Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)-Based Probe To Identify a Novel Target for Receptor-Retargeted Oncolytic HSVs

    The tropism of the cellular entry of HSV is dependent on the binding of the envelope gD to one of its authentic receptors. This can be fully retargeted to other receptors by inserting scFvs into gD with appropriate modifications.

    Hitomi Ikeda, Hiroaki Uchida, Yu Okubo, Tomoko Shibata, Yasuhiko Sasaki, Takuma Suzuki, Mika Hamada-Uematsu, Ryota Hamasaki, Kosaku Okuda, Miki Yamaguchi, Masaki Kojima, Masato Tanaka, Hirofumi Hamada, Hideaki Tahara
  • Loss of the Vaccinia Virus 35-Amino-Acid Hydrophobic O3 Protein Is Partially Compensated by Mutations in the Transmembrane Domains of Other Entry Proteins
    Structure and Assembly
    Loss of the Vaccinia Virus 35-Amino-Acid Hydrophobic O3 Protein Is Partially Compensated by Mutations in the Transmembrane Domains of Other Entry Proteins

    Entry into cells is an essential first step in virus replication and an important target of vaccine-elicited immunity. For enveloped viruses, this step involves the fusion of viral and host membranes to form a pore allowing entry of the genome and associated proteins.

    Andrew I. Tak, Jeffrey L. Americo, Ulrike S. Diesterbeck, Bernard Moss
  • Free
    Spike Glycoprotein and Host Cell Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 Entry and Cytopathic Effects
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Spike Glycoprotein and Host Cell Determinants of SARS-CoV-2 Entry and Cytopathic Effects

    The development of an effective and durable SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is essential for combating the growing COVID-19 pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein is the main target of neutralizing antibodies elicited during virus infection or following vaccination.

    Hanh T. Nguyen, Shijian Zhang, Qian Wang, Saumya Anang, Jia Wang, Haitao Ding, John C. Kappes, Joseph Sodroski
  • Cryo-electron Microscopy Structure of the Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein Provides Insights into Evolution of Unique Coronavirus Spike Proteins
    Structure and Assembly
    Cryo-electron Microscopy Structure of the Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein Provides Insights into Evolution of Unique Coronavirus Spike Proteins

    In this article, we report the atomic-resolution prefusion structure of the spike protein from swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). SADS-CoV is a pathogenic alphacoronavirus that was responsible for a large-scale outbreak of fatal disease in pigs and that was reported to be capable of interspecies transmission. We describe the overall structure of the SADS-CoV spike protein and conducted a detailed analysis of its main...

    Hongxin Guan, Youwang Wang, Vanja Perčulija, Abdullah F. U. H. Saeed, Yichang Liu, Jinyu Li, Syed Sajid Jan, Yu Li, Ping Zhu, Songying Ouyang
  • The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral Entry
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral Entry

    Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. ALV-J is an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups. Our results...

    Yao Zhang, Mengmeng Yu, Lixiao Xing, Peng Liu, Yuntong Chen, Fangfang Chang, Suyan Wang, Yuanling Bao, Muhammad Farooque, Xinyi Li, Xiaolu Guan, Yongzhen Liu, Aijing Liu, Xiaole Qi, Qing Pan, Yanping Zhang, Li Gao, Kai Li, Changjun Liu, Hongyu Cui, Xiaomei Wang, Yulong Gao
  • Epstein-Barr Virus gH/gL and Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus gH/gL Bind to Different Sites on EphA2 To Trigger Fusion
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Epstein-Barr Virus gH/gL and Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus gH/gL Bind to Different Sites on EphA2 To Trigger Fusion

    Virus entry into target cells is the first step for virus infection. Understanding the overall entry mechanism, including the binding mechanism of specific virus glycoproteins with cellular receptors, can be useful for the design of small molecule inhibitors and vaccine development. Recently, EphA2 was identified as an important entry receptor for both KSHV and EBV. In the present study, we investigated the required binding sites within...

    Jia Chen, Samantha Schaller, Theodore S. Jardetzky, Richard Longnecker
  • A Virion-Based Assay for Glycoprotein Thermostability Reveals Key Determinants of Filovirus Entry and Its Inhibition
    Structure and Assembly | Spotlight
    A Virion-Based Assay for Glycoprotein Thermostability Reveals Key Determinants of Filovirus Entry and Its Inhibition

    The development of Ebola virus countermeasures is challenged by our limited understanding of cell entry, especially at the step of membrane fusion. The surface-exposed viral protein, GP, mediates membrane fusion and undergoes major structural rearrangements during this process. The stability of GP at elevated temperatures (thermostability) can provide insights into its capacity to undergo these rearrangements. Here, we describe a new...

    Robert H. Bortz, Anthony C. Wong, Michael G. Grodus, Hannah S. Recht, Marc C. Pulanco, Gorka Lasso, Simon J. Anthony, Eva Mittler, Rohit K. Jangra, Kartik Chandran
  • Open Access
    Filoviruses Use the HOPS Complex and UVRAG To Traffic to Niemann-Pick C1 Compartments during Viral Entry
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    Filoviruses Use the HOPS Complex and UVRAG To Traffic to Niemann-Pick C1 Compartments during Viral Entry

    Ebola viruses (EBOV) and other filoviruses cause sporadic and unpredictable outbreaks of highly lethal diseases. The lack of FDA-approved therapeutics, particularly ones with panfiloviral specificity, highlights the need for continued research efforts to understand aspects of the viral life cycle that are common to all filoviruses. As such, viral entry is of particular interest, as all filoviruses must reach cellular compartments...

    Yuxia Bo, Shirley Qiu, Rory P. Mulloy, Marceline Côté

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