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virus

  • Open Access
    Capsid Structure of <em>Leishmania</em> RNA Virus 1
    Structure and Assembly
    Capsid Structure of Leishmania RNA Virus 1

    Twelve million people worldwide suffer from leishmaniasis, resulting in more than 30 thousand deaths annually. The disease has several variants that differ in their symptoms.

    Michaela Procházková, Tibor Füzik, Danyil Grybchuk, Francesco Luca Falginella, Lucie Podešvová, Vyacheslav Yurchenko, Robert Vácha, Pavel Plevka
  • Open Access
    Potential for Virus Endogenization in Humans through Testicular Germ Cell Infection: the Case of HIV
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Potential for Virus Endogenization in Humans through Testicular Germ Cell Infection: the Case of HIV

    Viruses have colonized the host germ line on many occasions during evolution to eventually become endogenous. Here, we aimed at investigating whether human testicular germ cells (TGCs) can support such viral invasion by studying HIV interactions with TGCs in vitro. Our results indicate that isolated primary TGCs express alternative HIV-1 receptors, allowing virion binding but not entry. However, HIV-1 entered and integrated...

    Dominique Mahé, Giulia Matusali, Claire Deleage, Raquel L. L. S. Alvarenga, Anne-Pascale Satie, Amélie Pagliuzza, Romain Mathieu, Sylvain Lavoué, Bernard Jégou, Luiz R. de França, Nicolas Chomont, Laurent Houzet, Antoine D. Rolland, Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
  • IRF1 Promotes the Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection by Enhancing the Activation of IRF3
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    IRF1 Promotes the Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection by Enhancing the Activation of IRF3

    The activation of innate immunity is essential for host cells to restrict the spread of invading viruses and other pathogens. IRF3 plays a critical role in the innate immune response to RNA viral infection. However, whether IRF1 plays a role in innate immunity is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that IRF1 promotes the innate immune response to viral infection. IRF1 is induced by viral infection. Notably, IRF1 targets and augments...

    Jingjing Wang, Huiyi Li, Binbin Xue, Rilin Deng, Xiang Huang, Yan Xu, Shengwen Chen, Renyun Tian, Xintao Wang, Zhen Xun, Ming Sang, Haizhen Zhu
  • Third Helical Domain of the Nipah Virus Fusion Glycoprotein Modulates both Early and Late Steps in the Membrane Fusion Cascade
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    Third Helical Domain of the Nipah Virus Fusion Glycoprotein Modulates both Early and Late Steps in the Membrane Fusion Cascade

    The Paramyxoviridae family includes important human and animal pathogens, such as measles, mumps, and parainfluenza viruses and the deadly henipaviruses Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses. Paramyxoviruses infect the respiratory tract and the central nervous system (CNS) and can be highly infectious. Most paramyxoviruses have a limited host range. However, the biosafety level 4 NiV and HeV are highly pathogenic and have a wide...

    J. Lizbeth Reyes Zamora, Victoria Ortega, Gunner P. Johnston, Jenny Li, Nicole M. André, I. Abrrey Monreal, Erik M. Contreras, Gary R. Whittaker, Hector C. Aguilar
  • Mutagenic Analysis of Hazara Nairovirus Nontranslated Regions during Single- and Multistep Growth Identifies both Attenuating and Functionally Critical Sequences for Virus Replication
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    Mutagenic Analysis of Hazara Nairovirus Nontranslated Regions during Single- and Multistep Growth Identifies both Attenuating and Functionally Critical Sequences for Virus Replication

    Nairoviruses are a group of RNA viruses that include many serious pathogens of humans and animals, including one of the most serious human pathogens in existence, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. The ability of nairoviruses to multiply and cause disease is controlled in major part by nucleotides that flank the 3′ and 5′ ends of nairoviral genes, called nontranslated regions (NTRs). NTR nucleotides interact with other virus...

    Daniele F. Mega, Jack Fuller, Beatriz Álvarez-Rodríguez, Jamel Mankouri, Roger Hewson, John N. Barr
  • Open Access
    Maternal Zika Virus (ZIKV) Infection following Vaginal Inoculation with ZIKV-Infected Semen in Timed-Pregnant Olive Baboons
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Maternal Zika Virus (ZIKV) Infection following Vaginal Inoculation with ZIKV-Infected Semen in Timed-Pregnant Olive Baboons

    Zika virus remains a worldwide health threat, with outbreaks still occurring in the Americas. While mosquitos are the primary vector for the spread of the virus, sexual transmission of Zika virus is also a significant means of infection, especially in terms of passage from an infected to an uninfected partner. While sexual transmission has been documented in humans, and male-to-female transmission has been reported in mice, ours is the...

    Sunam Gurung, Hugh Nadeau, Marta Maxted, Jamie Peregrine, Darlene Reuter, Abby Norris, Rodney Edwards, Kimberly Hyatt, Krista Singleton, James F. Papin, Dean A. Myers
  • Open Access
    Comparative Analysis of RNA Virome Composition in Rabbits and Associated Ectoparasites
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    Comparative Analysis of RNA Virome Composition in Rabbits and Associated Ectoparasites

    Ectoparasites play an important role in the transmission of many vertebrate-infecting viruses, including Zika and dengue viruses. Although it is becoming increasingly clear that invertebrate species harbor substantial virus diversity, it is unclear how many of the viruses carried by invertebrates have the potential to infect vertebrate species. We used the European rabbit (...

    Jackie E. Mahar, Mang Shi, Robyn N. Hall, Tanja Strive, Edward C. Holmes
  • Long-Acting BMS-378806 Analogues Stabilize the State-1 Conformation of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Long-Acting BMS-378806 Analogues Stabilize the State-1 Conformation of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins

    The envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike on the surface of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mediates the entry of the virus into host cells and is also the target for antibodies. During virus entry, Env needs to change shape. Env flexibility also contributes to the ability of HIV-1 to evade the host immune response; many shapes of Env raise antibodies that cannot recognize the functional Env and therefore do not block virus...

    Shitao Zou, Shijian Zhang, Althea Gaffney, Haitao Ding, Maolin Lu, Jonathan R. Grover, Mark Farrell, Hanh T. Nguyen, Connie Zhao, Saumya Anang, Meiqing Zhao, Mohammadjavad Mohammadi, Scott C. Blanchard, Cameron Abrams, Navid Madani, Walther Mothes, John C. Kappes, Amos B. Smith, Joseph Sodroski
  • Bridging the Gap: Virus Long-Distance Spread via Tunneling Nanotubes
    Minireview
    Bridging the Gap: Virus Long-Distance Spread via Tunneling Nanotubes

    Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are actin-based intercellular conduits that connect distant cells and allow intercellular transfer of molecular information, including genetic information, proteins, lipids, and even organelles. Besides providing a means of intercellular communication, TNTs may also be hijacked by pathogens, particularly viruses, to facilitate their spread. Viruses of many different families, including retroviruses,...

    Robert J. J. Jansens, Alexander Tishchenko, Herman W. Favoreel
  • Open Access
    CpG Dinucleotides Inhibit HIV-1 Replication through Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP)-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    CpG Dinucleotides Inhibit HIV-1 Replication through Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP)-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms

    Some RNA virus genomes are suppressed in the nucleotide combination of a cytosine followed by a guanosine (CpG), indicating that they are detrimental to the virus. The antiviral protein ZAP binds viral RNA containing CpGs and prevents the virus from multiplying. However, it remains unknown how the number and position of CpGs in viral genomes affect restriction by ZAP and whether CpGs have other antiviral mechanisms. Importantly,...

    Mattia Ficarelli, Irati Antzin-Anduetza, Rupert Hugh-White, Andrew E. Firth, Helin Sertkaya, Harry Wilson, Stuart J. D. Neil, Reiner Schulz, Chad M. Swanson

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