virus
Structure and AssemblyCapsid Structure of Leishmania RNA Virus 1Twelve million people worldwide suffer from leishmaniasis, resulting in more than 30 thousand deaths annually. The disease has several variants that differ in their symptoms.
Virus-Cell InteractionsPotential for Virus Endogenization in Humans through Testicular Germ Cell Infection: the Case of HIVViruses have colonized the host germ line on many occasions during evolution to eventually become endogenous. Here, we aimed at investigating whether human testicular germ cells (TGCs) can support such viral invasion by studying HIV interactions with TGCs in vitro. Our results indicate that isolated primary TGCs express alternative HIV-1 receptors, allowing virion binding but not entry. However, HIV-1 entered and integrated...
Pathogenesis and ImmunityIRF1 Promotes the Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection by Enhancing the Activation of IRF3The activation of innate immunity is essential for host cells to restrict the spread of invading viruses and other pathogens. IRF3 plays a critical role in the innate immune response to RNA viral infection. However, whether IRF1 plays a role in innate immunity is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that IRF1 promotes the innate immune response to viral infection. IRF1 is induced by viral infection. Notably, IRF1 targets and augments...
Virus-Cell Interactions | SpotlightThird Helical Domain of the Nipah Virus Fusion Glycoprotein Modulates both Early and Late Steps in the Membrane Fusion CascadeThe Paramyxoviridae family includes important human and animal pathogens, such as measles, mumps, and parainfluenza viruses and the deadly henipaviruses Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses. Paramyxoviruses infect the respiratory tract and the central nervous system (CNS) and can be highly infectious. Most paramyxoviruses have a limited host range. However, the biosafety level 4 NiV and HeV are highly pathogenic and have a wide...
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene ExpressionMutagenic Analysis of Hazara Nairovirus Nontranslated Regions during Single- and Multistep Growth Identifies both Attenuating and Functionally Critical Sequences for Virus ReplicationNairoviruses are a group of RNA viruses that include many serious pathogens of humans and animals, including one of the most serious human pathogens in existence, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. The ability of nairoviruses to multiply and cause disease is controlled in major part by nucleotides that flank the 3′ and 5′ ends of nairoviral genes, called nontranslated regions (NTRs). NTR nucleotides interact with other virus...
Pathogenesis and ImmunityMaternal Zika Virus (ZIKV) Infection following Vaginal Inoculation with ZIKV-Infected Semen in Timed-Pregnant Olive BaboonsZika virus remains a worldwide health threat, with outbreaks still occurring in the Americas. While mosquitos are the primary vector for the spread of the virus, sexual transmission of Zika virus is also a significant means of infection, especially in terms of passage from an infected to an uninfected partner. While sexual transmission has been documented in humans, and male-to-female transmission has been reported in mice, ours is the...
Genetic Diversity and EvolutionComparative Analysis of RNA Virome Composition in Rabbits and Associated EctoparasitesEctoparasites play an important role in the transmission of many vertebrate-infecting viruses, including Zika and dengue viruses. Although it is becoming increasingly clear that invertebrate species harbor substantial virus diversity, it is unclear how many of the viruses carried by invertebrates have the potential to infect vertebrate species. We used the European rabbit (...
Vaccines and Antiviral AgentsLong-Acting BMS-378806 Analogues Stabilize the State-1 Conformation of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope GlycoproteinsThe envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike on the surface of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mediates the entry of the virus into host cells and is also the target for antibodies. During virus entry, Env needs to change shape. Env flexibility also contributes to the ability of HIV-1 to evade the host immune response; many shapes of Env raise antibodies that cannot recognize the functional Env and therefore do not block virus...
MinireviewBridging the Gap: Virus Long-Distance Spread via Tunneling NanotubesTunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are actin-based intercellular conduits that connect distant cells and allow intercellular transfer of molecular information, including genetic information, proteins, lipids, and even organelles. Besides providing a means of intercellular communication, TNTs may also be hijacked by pathogens, particularly viruses, to facilitate their spread. Viruses of many different families, including retroviruses,...
Virus-Cell InteractionsCpG Dinucleotides Inhibit HIV-1 Replication through Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP)-Dependent and -Independent MechanismsSome RNA virus genomes are suppressed in the nucleotide combination of a cytosine followed by a guanosine (CpG), indicating that they are detrimental to the virus. The antiviral protein ZAP binds viral RNA containing CpGs and prevents the virus from multiplying. However, it remains unknown how the number and position of CpGs in viral genomes affect restriction by ZAP and whether CpGs have other antiviral mechanisms. Importantly,...