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viral replication

  • Structural and Functional Characterization of Host FHL1 Protein Interaction with Hypervariable Domain of Chikungunya Virus nsP3 Protein
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Structural and Functional Characterization of Host FHL1 Protein Interaction with Hypervariable Domain of Chikungunya Virus nsP3 Protein

    Replication of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is determined by a wide range of host factors. Previously, we have demonstrated that the hypervariable domain (HVD) of CHIKV nsP3 contains linear motifs that recruit defined families of host proteins into formation of functional viral replication complexes. Now, using NMR-based structural and biological approaches, we have characterized the binding site of the cellular FHL1 protein in CHIKV HVD...

    Tetyana Lukash, Tatiana Agback, Francisco Dominguez, Nikita Shiliaev, Chetan Meshram, Elena I. Frolova, Peter Agback, Ilya Frolov
  • ISGylation of Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Protein Promotes Viral RNA Replication via Recruitment of Cyclophilin A
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    ISGylation of Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Protein Promotes Viral RNA Replication via Recruitment of Cyclophilin A

    Host cells have evolved host defense machinery (such as innate immunity) to eliminate viral infections. Viruses have evolved several counteracting strategies for achieving an immune escape from host defense machinery, including type I interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines. ISG15 is an IFN-inducible ubiquitin-like protein that is covalently conjugated to the viral protein via specific Lys residues and suppresses viral functions...

    Takayuki Abe, Nanae Minami, Rheza Gandi Bawono, Chieko Matsui, Lin Deng, Takasuke Fukuhara, Yoshiharu Matsuura, Ikuo Shoji
  • Open Access
    N-Linked Glycan Sites on the Influenza A Virus Neuraminidase Head Domain Are Required for Efficient Viral Incorporation and Replication
    Structure and Assembly
    N-Linked Glycan Sites on the Influenza A Virus Neuraminidase Head Domain Are Required for Efficient Viral Incorporation and Replication

    N-linked glycans are transferred to secretory proteins upon entry into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. In addition to promoting secretory protein maturation, enveloped viruses also utilize these large oligosaccharide structures to prevent access to surface antigen epitopes. Sequence analyses of the influenza A virus (IAV) surface antigen neuraminidase (NA or N) showed that the conservation of N-linked glycosylation sites on the NA...

    Henrik Östbye, Jin Gao, Mira Rakic Martinez, Hao Wang, Jan-Willem de Gier, Robert Daniels
  • Hypervariable Domain of nsP3 of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Is a Critical Determinant of Viral Virulence
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Hypervariable Domain of nsP3 of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Is a Critical Determinant of Viral Virulence

    Hypervariable domains (HVDs) of alphavirus nsP3 proteins recruit host proteins into viral replication complexes. The sets of HVD-binding host factors are specific for each alphavirus, and we have previously identified those specific for EEEV. The results of this study demonstrate that the deletions of the binding sites of the G3BP and FXR protein families in the nsP3 HVD of EEEV make the virus avirulent for mice. Mutations in the...

    Chetan D. Meshram, Nikita Shiliaev, Elena I. Frolova, Ilya Frolov
  • Human Papillomavirus 31 Tyrosine 102 Regulates Interaction with E2 Binding Partners and Episomal Maintenance
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Human Papillomavirus 31 Tyrosine 102 Regulates Interaction with E2 Binding Partners and Episomal Maintenance

    Posttranslational modifications by phosphorylation can change protein activities, binding partners, or localization. Tyrosine 102 is conserved between delta papillomavirus BPV-1 and alpha papillomavirus HPV-31 E2. We characterized mutations of HPV-31 E2 for interactions with relevant cellular binding partners and replication in the context of the viral genome.

    Timra Gilson, Sara Culleton, Fang Xie, Marsha DeSmet, Elliot J. Androphy
  • Better Viral Control despite Higher CD4<sup>+</sup> T Cell Activation during Acute HIV-1 Infection in Zambian Women Is Linked to the Sex Hormone Estradiol
    Pathogenesis and Immunity | Spotlight
    Better Viral Control despite Higher CD4+ T Cell Activation during Acute HIV-1 Infection in Zambian Women Is Linked to the Sex Hormone Estradiol

    Previous studies have identified sex-specific differences during chronic HIV-1 infection, but little is known about sex differences in the acute phase, or how disparities in the initial response to the virus may affect disease. We demonstrate that restriction of viral load in women begins during acute infection and is maintained into chronic infection. Despite this, women exhibit more rapid CD4+ T cell loss than men. These...

    Elina El-Badry, Gladys Macharia, Daniel Claiborne, Kelsie Brooks, Darío A. Dilernia, Paul Goepfert, William Kilembe, Susan Allen, Jill Gilmour, Eric Hunter
  • Major Capsid Protein Synthesis from the Genomic RNA of Feline Calicivirus
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    Major Capsid Protein Synthesis from the Genomic RNA of Feline Calicivirus

    Caliciviruses are a cause of important diseases in humans and animals. It is crucial to understand the prerequisites of efficient replication of these viruses in order to develop strategies for prevention and treatment of these diseases. It was shown before that all caliciviruses except vesiviruses have established mechanisms to achieve major capsid protein (VP1) translation from the genomic RNA. Here, we show for the first time that a...

    Christian Urban, Christine Luttermann
  • Phosphorylation of the Human Papillomavirus E2 Protein at Tyrosine 138 Regulates Episomal Replication
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    Phosphorylation of the Human Papillomavirus E2 Protein at Tyrosine 138 Regulates Episomal Replication

    Papillomavirus (PV) is a double-stranded DNA tumor virus infecting the cutaneous and mucosal epithelium. The PV E2 protein associates with a number of cellular factors to mediate replication of the HPV genome. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) regulates HPV replication through phosphorylation of tyrosine 138 in the HPV E2 protein. Employing a quasivirus infection model and selection for G418 resistant genomes, we demonstrated...

    Leny Jose, Elliot J. Androphy, Marsha DeSmet
  • PCV2 Induces Reactive Oxygen Species To Promote Nucleocytoplasmic Translocation of the Viral DNA Binding Protein HMGB1 To Enhance Its Replication
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    PCV2 Induces Reactive Oxygen Species To Promote Nucleocytoplasmic Translocation of the Viral DNA Binding Protein HMGB1 To Enhance Its Replication

    Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a small DNA virus that depends heavily on host cells for its infection. This study reports the close relationship between subcellular localization of host high-mobility-group box 1 (HMGB1) protein and viral replication during PCV2 infection. Restriction of PCV2 replication by nuclear HMGB1 is the early step of host defense at the host-pathogen interface. PCV2 then upregulates host reactive oxygen...

    Renjie Sun, Siqi Sun, Yikai Zhang, Yingshan Zhou, Ying Shan, Xiaoliang Li, Weihuan Fang
  • Open Access
    Remodeling of the Core Leads HIV-1 Preintegration Complex into the Nucleus of Human Lymphocytes
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Remodeling of the Core Leads HIV-1 Preintegration Complex into the Nucleus of Human Lymphocytes

    How the reverse-transcribed genome reaches the host nucleus remains a main open question related to the infectious cycle of HIV-1. The HIV-1 core has a size of ∼100 nm, largely exceeding that of the NPC channel (∼39 nm). Thus, a rearrangement of the viral CA protein organization is required to achieve an effective nuclear translocation. The mechanism of this process remains undefined due to the lack of a technology capable of...

    Guillermo Blanco-Rodriguez, Anastasia Gazi, Blandine Monel, Stella Frabetti, Viviana Scoca, Florian Mueller, Olivier Schwartz, Jacomine Krijnse-Locker, Pierre Charneau, Francesca Di Nunzio

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