risk assessment
Genetic Diversity and EvolutionTissue Tropisms of Avian Influenza A Viruses Affect Their Spillovers from Wild Birds to PigsSwine serve as a mixing vessel for generating pandemic strains of human influenza virus. All hemagglutinin subtypes of IAVs can infect swine; however, only sporadic cases of infection with avian IAVs are reported in domestic swine. The molecular mechanisms affecting the ability of avian IAVs to infect swine are still not fully understood. From the findings of phenotypic analyses, this study suggests that the tissue tropisms (i.e., in...
Pathogenesis and ImmunityComparative In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of H1N1 and H1N2 Variant Influenza Viruses Isolated from Humans between 2011 and 2016Influenza A virus is a continuously evolving respiratory pathogen. Endemic in swine, H1 and H3 subtype viruses sporadically cause human infections. As each zoonotic infection represents an opportunity for human adaptation, the emergence of a transmissible influenza virus to which there is little or no preexisting immunity is an ongoing threat to public health. Recently isolated variant H1 subtype viruses were shown to display extensive...
- Pathogenesis and ImmunityPathogenesis and Transmission of Genetically Diverse Swine-Origin H3N2 Variant Influenza A Viruses from Multiple Lineages Isolated in the United States, 2011–2016
Swine-origin influenza viruses of the H3N2 subtype, with the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) derived from historic human seasonal influenza viruses, continue to cross species barriers and cause human infections, posing an indelible threat to public health. To help us better understand the potential risk associated with swine-origin H3N2v viruses that emerged in the United States during the 2011-2016 influenza seasons, we use...
- Pathogenesis and ImmunityZoonotic Risk, Pathogenesis, and Transmission of Avian-Origin H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus