replication
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene ExpressionConsequences of Phosphorylation in a Mononegavirales Polymerase-Cofactor SystemPolymerase-cofactor interactions such as those addressed in this study are absolute requirements for mononegavirus RNA synthesis. Although cofactor phosphorylation is present in most of these interactions, its effect, if any, on this protein-protein interaction had not been addressed.
Virus-Cell InteractionsMechanisms and Consequences of Newcastle Disease Virus W Protein Subcellular Localization in the Nucleus or MitochondriaIn Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the W protein, like the V protein, is a nonstructural protein encoded by the P gene via RNA editing. Compared with the V protein, the W protein has a common N-terminal domain but a unique C-terminal domain.
Virus-Cell InteractionsThe ESCRT-I Subunit Tsg101 Plays Novel Dual Roles in Entry and Replication of Classical Swine Fever VirusCSF, caused by CSFV, is a World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) notifiable disease and causes significant financial losses to the pig industry globally. The ESCRT machinery plays an important regulatory role in several members of the genera Flavivirus and Hepacivirus within the family Flaviviridae, such as hepatitis C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and dengue virus.
Virus-Cell InteractionsADAM15 Participates in Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus ReplicationTick populations are increasing, and their geographic ranges are expanding. Increases in tick-borne disease prevalence and transmission are important public health issues.
Pathogenesis and ImmunityMarek’s Disease Virus Requires Both Copies of the Inverted Repeat Regions for Efficient In Vivo Replication and PathogenesisMarek’s disease virus (MDV) is a highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that infects chickens and causes losses in the poultry industry of up to $2 billion per year. The virus is also widely used as a model to study alphaherpesvirus pathogenesis and virus-induced tumor development in a natural host. MDV and most other herpesviruses harbor direct or inverted repeats regions in their genome. However, the role of these sequence duplications in...
Virus-Cell InteractionsPotential for Virus Endogenization in Humans through Testicular Germ Cell Infection: the Case of HIVViruses have colonized the host germ line on many occasions during evolution to eventually become endogenous. Here, we aimed at investigating whether human testicular germ cells (TGCs) can support such viral invasion by studying HIV interactions with TGCs in vitro. Our results indicate that isolated primary TGCs express alternative HIV-1 receptors, allowing virion binding but not entry. However, HIV-1 entered and integrated...
Virus-Cell InteractionsSphingomyelin Is Essential for the Structure and Function of the Double-Membrane Vesicles in Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication FactoriesPrevious reports assumed that sphingomyelin (SM) is essential for HCV replication, but the mechanism was unclear. In this study, we showed for the first time that SM and ceramide transfer protein (CERT), which is in the SM biosynthesis pathway, are essential for the biosynthesis of double-membrane vesicles (DMVs), the sites of viral replication. Low numbers of DMVs were observed in CERT-KO cells transfected with replicon RNA or with...
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene ExpressionUnpaired Guanosines in the 5′ Untranslated Region of HIV-1 RNA Act Synergistically To Mediate Genome PackagingHIV-1 must package its RNA genome during virus assembly to generate infectious viruses. To better understand how HIV-1 packages its RNA genome, we examined the roles of RNA elements identified as binding sites for NC, a Gag-derived RNA-binding protein. Our results demonstrate that binding sites within stem-loop 1 of the 5′ untranslated region play important roles in genome packaging. Although mutating one or two NC-binding sites caused...
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene ExpressionPyk2 Regulates Human Papillomavirus Replication by Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the E2 ProteinHuman papillomaviruses are the major causative agents of cervical, oral, and anal cancers. The present study demonstrates that the Pyk2 tyrosine kinase phosphorylates E2 at tyrosine 131, interfering with genome replication. We provide evidence that phosphorylation of E2 prevents binding to the Brd4-CTM. Our findings add to the understanding of molecular pathways utilized by the virus during its vegetative life cycle and offers insights...
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene ExpressionReconstitution of an RNA Virus Replicase in Artificial Giant Unilamellar Vesicles Supports Full Replication and Provides Protection for the Double-Stranded RNA Replication IntermediateUnderstanding the mechanism of replication of positive-strand RNA viruses, which are major pathogens of plants, animals, and humans, can lead to new targets for antiviral interventions. These viruses subvert intracellular membranes for virus replication and coopt numerous host proteins, whose functions during virus replication are not yet completely defined. To dissect the roles of various host factors in Tomato bushy stunt virus...