replication
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene ExpressionThe Potato Virus X TGBp2 Protein Plays Dual Functional Roles in Viral Replication and MovementMany plant viruses contain three partially overlapping open reading frames (ORFs), termed the triple gene block (TGB), for intercellular movement. However, how the corresponding three proteins coordinate their functions remains obscure. In the present study, we provided multiple lines of evidence supporting the notion that PVX TGBp2 functions as the molecular adaptor bridging the interaction between the RdRp/dsRNA body and TGBp3 by...
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene ExpressionIterons Homologous to Helper Geminiviruses Are Essential for Efficient Replication of BetasatellitesThe geminivirus-encoded replication initiator protein (Rep) binds to repeated sequence elements (also known as iterons) in the origin of replication that serve as essential cis elements for specific viral replication. Betasatellites associated with begomoviruses can be replicated by cognate or noncognate helper viruses, but the cis elements responsible for betasatellite origin recognition have not been characterized....
Virus-Cell InteractionsInsulin-Like Growth Factor 2 Receptor Expression Is Promoted by Human Herpesvirus 8-Encoded Interleukin-6 and Contributes to Viral Latency and Productive ReplicationHHV-8 vIL-6 promotes productive replication in the context of reactivated lytic replication in primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and endothelial cells and sustains latently infected PEL cell viability. Viral IL-6 is also considered to contribute significantly to HHV-8-associated pathogenesis, since vIL-6 can promote cell proliferation, cell survival, and angiogenesis that are characteristic of HHV-8-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma, PEL and...
Virus-Cell InteractionsAutophagy Promotes Replication of Influenza A Virus In VitroAutophagy impacts the replication cycle of many viruses. However, the role of the autophagy machinery in IAV replication remains unclear. Therefore, we explored the detailed mechanisms utilized by IAV to promote its replication. We demonstrated that IAV NP- and M2-mediated autophagy promotes IAV replication by regulating the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway and HSP90AA1 expression. The interaction of PB2 and HSP90AA1 results in the increase...
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene ExpressionThe Herpesviridae Conserved Multifunctional Infected-Cell Protein 27 (ICP27) Is Important but Not Required for Replication and Oncogenicity of Marek’s Disease AlphaherpesvirusMarek’s disease (MD) is a devastating oncogenic disease that affects the poultry industry and is caused by MD alphaherpesvirus (MDV). Current vaccines block induction of disease but do not block chicken-to-chicken transmission. There is a knowledge gap in our understanding of how MDV spreads from chicken to chicken. We studied the Herpesviridae conserved ICP27 regulatory protein in cell culture and during MDV infection in...
Virus-Cell Interactions | SpotlightThe Plant Noncanonical Antiviral Resistance Protein JAX1 Inhibits Potexviral Replication by Targeting the Viral RNA-Dependent RNA PolymeraseResistance genes play a crucial role in plant antiviral innate immunity. The roles of conventional nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins and the associated defense pathways have long been studied. In contrast, recently discovered resistance genes that do not encode NLR proteins (non-NLR resistance genes) have not been investigated extensively. Here we report that the non-NLR resistance factor JAX1, a unique jacalin-type...
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene ExpressionInhibition of Epstein-Barr Virus Replication in Human Papillomavirus-Immortalized KeratinocytesUsing a model examining the establishment of EBV infection in HPV-immortalized tissues, we showed an HPV-induced interruption of the normal EBV life cycle reminiscent of a latent EBV infection. Our data support the notion that a persistent EBV epithelial infection depends upon preexisting cellular alterations and suggest the ability of HPV to promote such changes. More importantly, these findings introduce a model for how EBV...
GemImpact of Replication Stress in Human Papillomavirus PathogenesisThe inactivation of critical cell cycle checkpoints by the human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoprotein E7 results in replication stress (RS) that leads to genomic instability in premalignant lesions. Intriguingly, RS tolerance is achieved through several mechanisms, enabling HPV to exploit the cellular RS response for viral replication and to facilitate viral persistence in the presence of DNA damage.
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene ExpressionRobust Human and Murine Hepatocyte Culture Models of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and ReplicationHBV research has been greatly hampered by the lack of robust cell culture and small animal models of HBV infection and propagation. The discovery of NTCP as an HBV receptor has greatly impacted the field of HBV research. Although HBV infection of NTCP-expressing human and murine hepatocyte cell lines has been demonstrated, its replication in cell culture appeared inefficient. To further improve cell culture systems of HBV infection and...
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene ExpressionInterplay between the Poly(A) Tail, Poly(A)-Binding Protein, and Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein Regulates Gene Expression of Coronavirus and the Host CellGene expression in coronavirus is a complicated and dynamic process. In this study, we demonstrated that coronavirus N protein is able to bind to the poly(A) tail with high affinity, establishing N protein as a PABP. We also show how the interplay between coronavirus 3′ poly(A) tail, PABP, and N protein regulates gene expression of the coronavirus and host cell. Of the interactions, poly(A) tail binding by the N protein negatively...