PRRSV
Virus-Cell InteractionsInterferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 Is a Virus-Associated Protein Which Suppresses Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication by Blocking Viral Membrane FusionPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), which is caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), is of great economic significance to the swine industry. Due to the complicated immune escape mechanisms of PRRSV, there are no effective vaccines or therapeutic drugs currently available against PRRS. Identification of cellular factors and underlying mechanisms that establish an effective antiviral state against PRRSV can provide unique...
Pathogenesis and ImmunityPorcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Promotes SLA-DR-Mediated Antigen Presentation of Nonstructural Proteins To Evoke a Nonneutralizing Antibody Response In VivoPRRSV has haunted the swine industry for over 30 years since its emergence. Besides the limited efficacy of PRRSV modified live vaccines (MLVs) against heterogeneous PRRSV isolates, rapid induction of nonneutralizing antibodies (non-NAbs) against PRRSV NSPs after MLV immunization or wild-strain infection is one of the reasons why development of an effective vaccine has been hampered. By using in vitro-generated BMDCs as models...
Virus-Cell Interactions | SpotlightPorcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Utilizes Viral Apoptotic Mimicry as an Alternative Pathway To Infect Host CellsPRRS has caused huge economic losses to pig farming worldwide. Its causative agent, PRRSV, infects host cells through low pH-dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis and CD163 is indispensable during the process. Whether there exist alternative infection pathways for PRRSV arouses our interest. Here, we found that PRRSV exposed PS on its envelope and disguised as apoptotic debris. The PS receptor TIM-1/4 recognized PRRSV and induced the...
Virus-Cell InteractionsGlycoprotein 5 Is Cleaved by Cathepsin E during Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Membrane FusionPRRS, caused by PRRSV, is an economically critical factor in pig farming worldwide. As PRRSV is a lipid membrane-wrapped virus, merging of the PRRSV envelope with the host cell membrane is indispensable for viral infection. However, there is a lack of knowledge on its membrane fusion. Here, we first explored when and where PRRSV membrane fusion occurs. Furthermore, we determined which host cell factors were involved in the process....
Pathogenesis and ImmunityNonstructural Protein 11 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Induces STAT2 Degradation To Inhibit Interferon SignalingPRRSV infection elicits a meager protective immune response in pigs. One of the possible reasons is that PRRSV antagonizes interferon induction and its downstream signaling. Interferons are key components in the innate immunity and play crucial roles against viral infection and in the activation of adaptive immune response via JAK/STAT signaling. STAT2 is indispensable in the JAK/STAT signaling since it is also involved in activation of...
Pathogenesis and ImmunityHighly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Induces Interleukin-17 Production via Activation of the IRAK1-PI3K-p38MAPK-C/EBPβ/CREB PathwaysHighly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) associated with severe pneumonia has been one of the most important viral pathogens in pigs. IL-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine that might be associated with the strong inflammation caused by PRRSV. Therefore, we sought to determine whether PRRSV infection affects IL-17 expression, and if so, determine this might partially explain the underlying mechanisms...
Virus-Cell InteractionsPorcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus E Protein Degrades Porcine Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase via the Ubiquitin-Proteasome PathwayCH25H has received significant attention due to its broad antiviral activity, which it mediates by catalyzing the production of 25HC. Most studies have focused on the antiviral mechanisms of CH25H; however, whether viruses also actively regulate CH25H expression has not yet been reported. Previous studies demonstrated that pCH25H inhibits PRRSV replication not only via production of 25HC but also by ubiquitination and degradation of...
Vaccines and Antiviral AgentsA Nanobody Targeting Viral Nonstructural Protein 9 Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus ReplicationThe pandemic outbreak of PRRS, which is caused by PRRSV, has greatly affected the swine industry. We still lack an efficient vaccine, and it is an immense challenge to control its infection. An intracellularly expressed Nsp9-specific nanobody, Nb6, has been shown to be able to inhibit PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells. However, its application is limited, because Nb6 cannot physically enter cells. Here, we demonstrated that the cell-...
- Virus-Cell InteractionsPigs Lacking the Scavenger Receptor Cysteine-Rich Domain 5 of CD163 Are Resistant to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 Infection
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) is the etiological agent of PRRS, causing late-term abortions, stillbirths, and respiratory disease in pigs, incurring major economic losses to the worldwide pig industry. The virus is highly mutagenic and can be divided into two species, PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2, each containing several subtypes. Current control strategies mainly involve biosecurity measures, depopulation,...