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poxvirus

  • The Vaccinia Virus B12 Pseudokinase Represses Viral Replication via Interaction with the Cellular Kinase VRK1 and Activation of the Antiviral Effector BAF
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    The Vaccinia Virus B12 Pseudokinase Represses Viral Replication via Interaction with the Cellular Kinase VRK1 and Activation of the Antiviral Effector BAF

    Viruses from diverse families encode both positive and negative regulators of viral replication. While their functions can sometimes be enigmatic, investigation of virus-encoded, negative regulators of viral replication has revealed fascinating aspects of virology.

    Amber B. Rico, Alexandria C. Linville, Annabel T. Olson, Zhigang Wang, Matthew S. Wiebe
  • The Molluscum Contagiosum Gene MC021L Partially Compensates for the Loss of Its Vaccinia Virus Homolog, F13L
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    The Molluscum Contagiosum Gene MC021L Partially Compensates for the Loss of Its Vaccinia Virus Homolog, F13L

    The vaccinia virus extracellular virion protein F13 is required for the production and release of infectious extracellular virus, which in turn is essential for the subsequent spread and pathogenesis of orthopoxviruses. Molluscum contagiosum virus infects millions of people worldwide each year, but it is unknown whether EV are produced during infection for spread. Molluscum contagiosum virus contains a homolog of F13L termed MC021L. To...

    Stephanie R. Monticelli, Peter Bryk, Brian M. Ward
  • Inactivation of Genes by Frameshift Mutations Provides Rapid Adaptation of an Attenuated Vaccinia Virus
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    Inactivation of Genes by Frameshift Mutations Provides Rapid Adaptation of an Attenuated Vaccinia Virus

    Gene inactivation is considered to be an important driver of orthopoxvirus evolution. Whereas cowpox virus contains intact orthologs of genes present in each orthopoxvirus species, numerous genes are inactivated in all other members of the genus. Inactivation of additional genes can occur upon extensive passaging of orthopoxviruses in cell culture leading to attenuation in vivo, a strategy for making vaccines. Whether...

    Tatiana G. Senkevich, Erik K. Zhivkoplias, Andrea S. Weisberg, Bernard Moss
  • A Mutualistic Poxvirus Exhibits Convergent Evolution with Other Heritable Viruses in Parasitoid Wasps
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution | Spotlight
    A Mutualistic Poxvirus Exhibits Convergent Evolution with Other Heritable Viruses in Parasitoid Wasps

    Viruses are generally considered to be disease-causing agents, but several instances of beneficial viral elements have been identified in insects called parasitoid wasps. These virus-derived entities are passed on through wasp generations and enhance the success of the wasps’ parasitic life cycle. Many parasitoid-virus partnerships studied to date exhibit common features among independent cases of this phenomenon, including a mother-to-...

    Kelsey A. Coffman, Taylor C. Harrell, Gaelen R. Burke
  • Vaccinia Virus Glycoproteins A33, A34, and B5 Form a Complex for Efficient Endoplasmic Reticulum to <em>trans</em>-Golgi Network Transport
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    Vaccinia Virus Glycoproteins A33, A34, and B5 Form a Complex for Efficient Endoplasmic Reticulum to trans-Golgi Network Transport

    The secondary intracellular envelopment of poxviruses at the trans-Golgi network to release infectious extracellular virus (EV) is essential for their spread and pathogenesis. Viral glycoproteins A33, A34, and B5 are critical for the efficient production of infectious EV and interactions among these proteins are important for their localization and incorporation into the outer extracellular virion membrane. We have uncovered a...

    Stephanie R. Monticelli, Amalia K. Earley, Raychel Stone, Christopher C. Norbury, Brian M. Ward
  • Loss of Resistance to Mousepox during Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection Is Associated with Impaired T-Cell Responses and Can Be Rescued by Immunization
    Pathogenesis and Immunity | Spotlight
    Loss of Resistance to Mousepox during Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection Is Associated with Impaired T-Cell Responses and Can Be Rescued by Immunization

    Chronic viral infections may result in immunosuppression and enhanced susceptibility to infections with other pathogens. For example, we have recently shown that mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (CL13) are highly susceptible to mousepox, a disease that is caused by ectromelia virus and that is the mouse homolog of human smallpox. Here we show chronic CL13 infection severely disrupts the...

    Pedro Alves-Peixoto, Maria Férez, Cory J. Knudson, Carolina R. Melo-Silva, Colby Stotesbury, Eric B. Wong, Margarida Correia-Neves, Luis J. Sigal
  • Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Infection Causes Susceptibility to Mousepox and Impairs Natural Killer Cell Maturation and Function
    Pathogenesis and Immunity | Spotlight
    Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Infection Causes Susceptibility to Mousepox and Impairs Natural Killer Cell Maturation and Function

    Infection of adult mice with the clone 13 (CL13) strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is extensively used as a model of chronic infection. In this paper, we show that mice chronically infected with CL13 succumb to challenge with ectromelia virus (ECTV; the agent of mousepox) and that natural killer (NK) cells in CL13-infected mice are reduced in numbers and have an immature and partially activated phenotype but do respond...

    Pedro Alves-Peixoto, Maria Férez, Cory J. Knudson, Colby Stotesbury, Carolina R. Melo-Silva, Eric B. Wong, Margarida Correia-Neves, Luis J. Sigal
  • Specific Anchoring and Local Translation of Poxviral ATI mRNA at Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression | Spotlight
    Specific Anchoring and Local Translation of Poxviral ATI mRNA at Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies

    Poxvirus genome replication, transcription, translation, and virion assembly occur at sites within the cytoplasm known as factories. Some poxviruses sequester infectious virions outside of the factories in inclusion bodies comprised of numerous copies of the 150-kDa ATI protein, which can provide stability and protection in the environment. We provide evidence that ATI mRNA is anchored by nascent peptides and translated at the inclusion...

    George C. Katsafanas, Bernard Moss
  • Lack of B Lymphocytes Enhances CD8 T Cell-Mediated Resistance against Respiratory Viral Infection but Compromises Memory Cell Formation
    Cellular Response to Infection
    Lack of B Lymphocytes Enhances CD8 T Cell-Mediated Resistance against Respiratory Viral Infection but Compromises Memory Cell Formation

    B cells play critical role in host resistance against many respiratory viral infections. However, the role of B cells beyond antibody-producing cells is less well defined. In this study, we made a surprising observation that mice lacking B cells were more resistant to respiratory infection with vaccinia virus than wild-type mice. This enhanced resistance was mediated by CD8 T cells because when we depleted CD8 T cells in B cell-...

    Pritesh Desai, Jessica Stanfield, Vikas Tahiliani, Georges Abboud, Shahram Salek-Ardakani
  • Open Access
    Isolation and Characterization of Akhmeta Virus from Wild-Caught Rodents (<em>Apodemus</em> spp.) in Georgia
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution | Spotlight
    Isolation and Characterization of Akhmeta Virus from Wild-Caught Rodents (Apodemus spp.) in Georgia

    Akhmeta virus is a unique Orthopoxvirus that was described in 2013 from the country of Georgia. This paper presents the first isolation of this virus from small mammal (Rodentia; Apodemus spp.) samples and the molecular characterization of those isolates. The identification of the virus in small mammals is an essential component to understanding the natural history of this virus and its transmission to human...

    Jeffrey B. Doty, Giorgi Maghlakelidze, Irakli Sikharulidze, Shin-Lin Tu, Clint N. Morgan, Matthew R. Mauldin, Otar Parkadze, Natia Kartskhia, Maia Turmanidze, Audrey M. Matheny, Whitni Davidson, Shiyuyun Tang, Jinxin Gao, Yu Li, Chris Upton, Darin S. Carroll, Ginny L. Emerson, Yoshinori Nakazawa

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