pathogenesis
Genetic Diversity and Evolution | SpotlightRapid Evolution of Enhanced Zika Virus Virulence during Direct Vertebrate Transmission ChainsWe used experimental evolution to model chains of direct and indirect Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission by serially passaging a synthetic swarm of molecularly barcoded ZIKV within and between mosquitoes and mice. We observed that direct mouse transmission chains facilitated a rapid increase in ZIKV replication and enhanced virulence in mice.
Pathogenesis and ImmunityTranscriptional Analysis of Lymphoid Tissues from Infected Nonhuman Primates Reveals the Basis for Attenuation and Immunogenicity of an Ebola Virus Encoding a Mutant VP35 ProteinZaire Ebola virus (EBOV) infection causes a severe and often fatal disease characterized by inflammation, coagulation defects, and organ failure driven by a defective host immune response. Lymphoid tissues are key sites of EBOV pathogenesis and the generation of an effective immune response to infection.
Pathogenesis and Immunity | SpotlightLymphatic Type 1 Interferon Responses Are Critical for Control of Systemic Reovirus DisseminationType 1 interferons (IFN-1) are critical host responses to viral infection. However, the contribution of IFN-1 responses to control of viruses in specific cell and tissue types is not fully defined.
Pathogenesis and ImmunityMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Gene 5 Modulates Pathogenesis in MiceMiddle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic virus causing human infections with high mortality rate (∼35%). Animal models together with reverse-genetics systems are essential to understand MERS-CoV pathogenesis. We developed a reverse-genetics system for a mouse-adapted MERS-CoV that reproduces the virus behavior observed in humans. This system is highly useful to investigate the role of specific viral genes in...
Pathogenesis and ImmunityMarek’s Disease Virus Requires Both Copies of the Inverted Repeat Regions for Efficient In Vivo Replication and PathogenesisMarek’s disease virus (MDV) is a highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that infects chickens and causes losses in the poultry industry of up to $2 billion per year. The virus is also widely used as a model to study alphaherpesvirus pathogenesis and virus-induced tumor development in a natural host. MDV and most other herpesviruses harbor direct or inverted repeats regions in their genome. However, the role of these sequence duplications in...
Pathogenesis and ImmunitySevere Human Lassa Fever Is Characterized by Nonspecific T-Cell Activation and Lymphocyte Homing to Inflamed TissuesLassa fever may cause severe disease in humans, in particular in areas of endemicity like Sierra Leone and Nigeria. Despite its public health importance, the pathophysiology of Lassa fever in humans is poorly understood. Here, we present clinical immunology data obtained in the field during the 2018 Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria indicating that severe Lassa fever is associated with activation of T cells antigenically unrelated to...
Pathogenesis and ImmunityInactivating Three Interferon Antagonists Attenuates Pathogenesis of an Enteric CoronavirusEmerging coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 and porcine CoVs, can infect enterocytes, cause diarrhea, and be shed in the feces. New approaches are needed to understand enteric pathogenesis and to develop vaccines and therapeutics to prevent the spread of these viruses. Here, we exploited a reverse genetic system for an enteric CoV, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and outline an approach of genetically inactivating highly...
Pathogenesis and ImmunityEarly Transcriptional Changes within Liver, Adrenal Gland, and Lymphoid Tissues Significantly Contribute to Ebola Virus Pathogenesis in Cynomolgus MacaquesEbola virus (EBOV) remains a high-priority pathogen since it continues to cause outbreaks with high case fatality rates. Although it is well established that EBOV results in severe organ damage, our understanding of tissue injury in the liver, adrenal glands, and lymphoid tissues remains limited. We begin to address this knowledge gap by conducting longitudinal gene expression studies in these tissues, which were collected from EBOV-...
Pathogenesis and ImmunityGp37 Regulates the Pathogenesis of Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J via Its C TerminusALV-J can cause severe immunosuppression and myeloid leukemia in infected chickens. However, no vaccine or antiviral drug is available against ALV-J, and the mechanism for ALV-J pathogenesis needs to be elucidated. It is generally believed that gp85 and LTR of ALV contribute to its pathogenesis. Here, we found that the C terminus and the tyrosine motifs (YxxM, ITIM, and ITAM-like) in the CTD of Gp37 of ALV-J could...
Virus-Cell InteractionsOvine Herpesvirus 2 Encodes a Previously Unrecognized Protein, pOv8.25, That Targets Mitochondria and Triggers Apoptotic Cell DeathOvine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) circulates among sheep without causing disease. However, upon transmission to cattle, the same virus instigates a frequently lethal disease, malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). While the cause of death and pathogenesis of tissue lesions are still poorly understood, MCF is characterized by the accumulation of lymphocytes in various tissues, associated with vasculitis and cell death. As infectious virus is hardly...