interferon
Pathogenesis and ImmunityHIV-Infected Macrophages Are Infected and Killed by the Interferon-Sensitive Rhabdovirus MG1Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains a treatable, but incurable, viral infection. The establishment of viral reservoirs containing latently infected cells remains the main obstacle in the search for a cure.
Pathogenesis and ImmunityInterferon Regulatory Factor 3 Supports the Establishment of Chronic Gammaherpesvirus Infection in a Route- and Dose-Dependent MannerInterferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) is a critical component of the innate immune response, in part due to its transactivation of beta interferon (IFN-β) expression. Similar to that observed in all acute virus infections examined to date, IRF-3 suppresses lytic viral replication during acute gammaherpesvirus infection.
Cellular Response to Infection | SpotlightSARS-CoV-2 Triggers an MDA-5-Dependent Interferon Response Which Is Unable To Control Replication in Lung Epithelial CellsMammalian cells express sensors able to detect specific features of pathogens and induce the interferon response, which is one of the first lines of defense against viruses and helps in controlling viral replication. The mechanisms and impact of SARS-CoV-2 sensing in lung epithelial cells remain to be deciphered.
Pathogenesis and ImmunityProtein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP2 Suppresses Host Innate Immunity against Influenza A Virus by Regulating EGFR-Mediated SignalingViral immune evasion is the most important strategy whereby viruses evolve for their survival. This work shows that influenza A virus (IAV) suppressed the antiviral innate immunity through downregulation of IFNs and ISGs by activating EGFR/ERK signaling.
Pathogenesis and ImmunityPlasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Mediate Control of Ross River Virus Infection via a Type I Interferon-Dependent, MAVS-Independent MechanismArthritogenic alphaviruses, including Ross River virus (RRV), are human pathogens that cause debilitating acute and chronic musculoskeletal disease and are a significant public health burden. Using an attenuated RRV with enhanced susceptibility to host innate immune responses has revealed key cellular and molecular mechanisms that can mediate control of attenuated RRV infection and that are evaded by more virulent RRV strains.
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Virus-Cell InteractionsDual Effects of Let-7b in the Early Stage of Hepatitis C Virus InfectionHCV is a leading cause of liver disease, with an estimated 71 million people infected worldwide. During HCV infection, type I interferon (IFN) signaling displays potent antiviral and immunomodulatory effects.
Pathogenesis and Immunity | SpotlightLymphatic Type 1 Interferon Responses Are Critical for Control of Systemic Reovirus DisseminationType 1 interferons (IFN-1) are critical host responses to viral infection. However, the contribution of IFN-1 responses to control of viruses in specific cell and tissue types is not fully defined.
Vaccines and Antiviral AgentsViral Subpopulation Screening Guides in Designing a High Interferon-Inducing Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine by Targeting Rare Mutations in NS1 and PB2 ProteinsEffectiveness of NS1-truncated live attenuated influenza vaccines relies heavily on their ability to induce elevated interferon responses in vaccinated hosts. Influenza viruses contain diverse particle subpopulations with distinct phenotypes. We show that live influenza vaccines can contain underappreciated subpopulations with enhanced interferon-inducing phenotypes. The genomic traits of such virus subpopulations can be used to further...
Vaccines and Antiviral AgentsHerpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) 0ΔNLS Live-Attenuated Vaccine Protects against Ocular HSV-1 Infection in the Absence of Neutralizing Antibody in HSV-1 gB T Cell Receptor-Specific Transgenic MiceThe role of CD8+ T cells in antiviral efficacy using a live-attenuated virus as the vaccine is complicated by the humoral immune response. In the case of the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) 0ΔNLS vaccine, the correlate of protection has been defined to be primarily antibody driven. The current study shows that in the near absence of anti-HSV-1 antibody, vaccinated mice are protected from subsequent challenge with wild-type HSV...
Cellular Response to InfectionThe Nucleoprotein of H7N9 Influenza Virus Positively Regulates TRAF3-Mediated Innate Signaling and Attenuates Viral Virulence in MiceThe NS1, PB2, PA-X, and PB1-F2 proteins of influenza A virus (IAV) are known to employ various strategies to counteract and evade host defenses. However, the viral components responsible for the activation of innate immune signaling remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the NP of H7N9 IAV specifically associates with and stabilizes the important adaptor molecule TRAF3, which potentiates RLR-mediated type I...