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influenza

  • G-Protein-Coupled Receptor and Ion Channel Genes Used by Influenza Virus for Replication
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    G-Protein-Coupled Receptor and Ion Channel Genes Used by Influenza Virus for Replication

    Influenza epidemics result in morbidity and mortality each year. Vaccines are the most effective preventive measure but require annual reformulation, since a mismatch of vaccine strains can result in vaccine failure.

    Nichole Orr-Burks, Jackelyn Murray, Kyle V. Todd, Abhijeet Bakre, Ralph A. Tripp
  • Open Access
    Discovery of a Novel Specific Inhibitor Targeting Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein with Pleiotropic Inhibitory Effects on Various Steps of the Viral Life Cycle
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Discovery of a Novel Specific Inhibitor Targeting Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein with Pleiotropic Inhibitory Effects on Various Steps of the Viral Life Cycle

    Current influenza antivirals have limitations with regard to their effectiveness and the potential emergence of resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need for broad-spectrum inhibitors to address the considerable challenges posed by the rapid evolution of influenza viruses that limit the effectiveness of vaccines and lead to the emergence of antiviral drug resistance.

    Fang Yang, Bo Pang, Kin Kui Lai, Nam Nam Cheung, Jun Dai, Weizhe Zhang, Jinxia Zhang, Kwok-Hung Chan, Honglin Chen, Kong-Hung Sze, Hongmin Zhang, Quan Hao, Dan Yang, Kwok-Yung Yuen, Richard Y. Kao
  • Reduced Nucleoprotein Availability Impairs Negative-Sense RNA Virus Replication and Promotes Host Recognition
    Cellular Response to Infection
    Reduced Nucleoprotein Availability Impairs Negative-Sense RNA Virus Replication and Promotes Host Recognition

    Negative-sense RNA viruses comprise some of the most important known human pathogens, including influenza A virus, measles virus, and Ebola virus. These viruses possess RNA genomes that are unreadable to the host, as they require specific viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in conjunction with other viral proteins, such as nucleoprotein, to be replicated and transcribed.

    Benjamin E. Nilsson-Payant, Daniel Blanco-Melo, Skyler Uhl, Beatriz Escudero-Pérez, Silke Olschewski, Patricia Thibault, Maryline Panis, Maria Rosenthal, César Muñoz-Fontela, Benhur Lee, Benjamin R. tenOever
  • Open Access
    Genetic Determinants of Receptor-Binding Preference and Zoonotic Potential of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Genetic Determinants of Receptor-Binding Preference and Zoonotic Potential of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses

    As of 2020, over 60 infections of humans by H9N2 influenza viruses have been recorded in countries where the virus is endemic. Avian-like cellular receptors are the primary target for these viruses.

    Thomas P. Peacock, Joshua E. Sealy, William T. Harvey, Donald J. Benton, Richard Reeve, Munir Iqbal
  • Viral Subpopulation Screening Guides in Designing a High Interferon-Inducing Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine by Targeting Rare Mutations in NS1 and PB2 Proteins
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Viral Subpopulation Screening Guides in Designing a High Interferon-Inducing Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine by Targeting Rare Mutations in NS1 and PB2 Proteins

    Effectiveness of NS1-truncated live attenuated influenza vaccines relies heavily on their ability to induce elevated interferon responses in vaccinated hosts. Influenza viruses contain diverse particle subpopulations with distinct phenotypes. We show that live influenza vaccines can contain underappreciated subpopulations with enhanced interferon-inducing phenotypes. The genomic traits of such virus subpopulations can be used to further...

    Amir Ghorbani, Michael C. Abundo, Hana Ji, Kara J. M. Taylor, John M. Ngunjiri, Chang-Won Lee
  • Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive H2 HA Influenza Vaccines Elicited Broadly Cross-Reactive Antibodies and Protected Mice from Viral Challenges
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive H2 HA Influenza Vaccines Elicited Broadly Cross-Reactive Antibodies and Protected Mice from Viral Challenges

    H2N2 influenza has caused at least one pandemic in the past. Given that individuals born after 1968 have not been exposed to H2N2 influenza viruses, a future pandemic caused by H2 influenza is likely. An effective H2 influenza vaccine would need to elicit broadly cross-reactive antibodies to multiple H2 influenza viruses. Choosing a wild-type virus to create a vaccine may elicit a narrow immune response and not protect against multiple...

    Z. Beau Reneer, Parker J. Jamieson, Amanda L. Skarlupka, Ying Huang, Ted M. Ross
  • Detection and Characterization of Swine Origin Influenza A(H1N1) Pandemic 2009 Viruses in Humans following Zoonotic Transmission
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution | Spotlight
    Detection and Characterization of Swine Origin Influenza A(H1N1) Pandemic 2009 Viruses in Humans following Zoonotic Transmission

    Influenza virus infects a wide range of hosts, resulting in illnesses that vary from asymptomatic cases to severe pneumonia and death. Viral transfer can occur between human and nonhuman hosts, resulting in human and nonhuman origin viruses circulating in novel hosts. In this work, we have identified the first case of a swine-origin influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus resulting in a human infection. This shows that these viruses not only...

    Peter W. Cook, Thomas Stark, Joyce Jones, Rebecca Kondor, Natosha Zanders, Jeffrey Benfer, Samantha Scott, Yunho Jang, Alicia Janas-Martindale, Stephen Lindstrom, Lenee Blanton, John Schiltz, Rachel Tell, Richard Griesser, Peter Shult, Erik Reisdorf, Tonya Danz, Alicia Fry, John Barnes, Amy Vincent, David E. Wentworth, C. Todd Davis
  • Precise Triggering and Chemical Control of Single-Virus Fusion within Endosomes
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    Precise Triggering and Chemical Control of Single-Virus Fusion within Endosomes

    Many enveloped viruses infect cells via fusion to endosomes, but controlling this process within living cells has been challenging. We studied the fusion of influenza virus virions to endosomes in a chemically controllable manner. Extracting virus:endosome conjugates from cells and exogenously triggering fusion permits precise study of virus:endosome fusion kinetics. Surprisingly, endosomal curvature does not grossly alter fusion...

    Sourav Haldar, Kenta Okamoto, Rebecca A. Dunning, Peter M. Kasson
  • Primary Swine Respiratory Epithelial Cell Lines for the Efficient Isolation and Propagation of Influenza A Viruses
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    Primary Swine Respiratory Epithelial Cell Lines for the Efficient Isolation and Propagation of Influenza A Viruses

    Robust in vitro culture systems for influenza virus are critically needed. MDCK cells, the most widely used cell line for influenza isolation and propagation, do not adequately model the respiratory tract. Therefore, many clinical isolates, both animal and human, are unable to be isolated and characterized, limiting our understanding of currently circulating influenza viruses. We have developed immortalized swine respiratory...

    Victoria Meliopoulos, Sean Cherry, Nicholas Wohlgemuth, Rebekah Honce, Karen Barnard, Phillip Gauger, Todd Davis, Peter Shult, Colin Parrish, Stacey Schultz-Cherry
  • Continued Evolution of H5Nx Avian Influenza Viruses in Bangladeshi Live Poultry Markets: Pathogenic Potential in Poultry and Mammalian Models
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Continued Evolution of H5Nx Avian Influenza Viruses in Bangladeshi Live Poultry Markets: Pathogenic Potential in Poultry and Mammalian Models

    Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have circulated continuously in Bangladesh since 2007, and active surveillance has detected viral evolution driven by mutation and reassortment. Recently, three genetically distinct A(H5N1) reassortant viruses were detected in live poultry markets in Bangladesh. Currently, we cannot assign pandemic risk by only sequencing viruses; it must be conducted empirically. We found that the H5Nx...

    Rabeh El-Shesheny, John Franks, Jasmine Turner, Patrick Seiler, David Walker, Kimberly Friedman, Nabanita Mukherjee, Lisa Kercher, M. Kamrul Hasan, Mohammed M. Feeroz, Scott Krauss, Peter Vogel, Pamela McKenzie, Subrata Barman, Richard J. Webby, Robert G. Webster

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