inflammation
Virus-Cell InteractionsTRAF6 and TAK1 Contribute to SAMHD1-Mediated Negative Regulation of NF-κB SignalingCells respond to pathogen infection by activating a complex innate immune signaling pathway, which culminates in the activation of transcription factors and secretion of a family of functionally and genetically related cytokines. However, excessive immune activation may cause tissue damage and detrimental effects on the host.
MinireviewRole of Inflammation in Virus Pathogenesis during PregnancyViral infections during pregnancy lead to a spectrum of maternal and fetal outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic disease to more critical conditions presenting with severe maternal morbidity, stillbirth, preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, and fetal congenital anomalies, either apparent at birth or later in life. In this article, we review the pathogenesis of several viral infections that are particularly relevant in the...
Virus-Cell InteractionsDengue Virus Targets Nrf2 for NS2B3-Mediated Degradation Leading to Enhanced Oxidative Stress and Viral ReplicationDengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that threatens 2.5 billion people in more than 100 countries annually. Dengue infection induces a spectrum of clinical symptoms, ranging from classical dengue fever to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome; however, the complexities of DENV immunopathogenesis remain controversial. Previous studies have reported the importance of the transcription factor Nrf2 in the...
Pathogenesis and ImmunityEarly Antiretroviral Therapy Prevents Viral Infection of Monocytes and Inflammation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus MacaquesDespite the administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV persists in treated individuals and ART interruption is associated with viral rebound. Persistent chronic immune activation and inflammation contribute to disease morbidity. Whereas monocytes are infected by HIV/SIV, their role as viral reservoirs (VRs) in visceral tissues has been poorly explored. Our work demonstrates that monocyte cell subsets in the blood, spleen, and...
Pathogenesis and Immunity | SpotlightSelective Interferon Responses of Intestinal Epithelial Cells Minimize Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha CytotoxicityEnteric viral infections are a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide and have the potential to trigger or exacerbate intestinal inflammatory diseases. Prior studies have identified specialized innate immune responses that are active in the intestinal epithelium following viral infection, but our understanding of the benefits of such an epithelium-specific response is incomplete. Here, we show that the intestinal epithelial antiviral...
Cellular Response to InfectionNeutrophil-Airway Epithelial Interactions Result in Increased Epithelial Damage and Viral Clearance during Respiratory Syncytial Virus InfectionThis study shows that the RSV-infected human airway drives changes in the behavior of human neutrophils, including increasing activation markers and delaying apoptosis, that result in greater airway damage and viral clearance.
Pathogenesis and ImmunityIRF5 Promotes Influenza Virus-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Myeloid Cells and Murine ModelsThe inflammatory response to influenza A virus (IAV) participates in infection control but contributes to disease severity. After viral detection, intracellular pathways are activated, initiating cytokine production, but these pathways are incompletely understood. We show that interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) mediates IAV-induced inflammation and, in mice, drives pathology. This was independent of antiviral type 1 IFN and virus...
Cellular Response to InfectionAttenuation of Equine Lentivirus Alters Mitochondrial Protein Expression Profile from Inflammation to ApoptosisFollowing viral infection, the working pattern and function of the cell can be transformed through the impact on mitochondria. It still unknown how the mitochondrial response changes in cells infected with viruses in the process of virulence attenuation. EIAVDLV121 is the only effective lentiviral vaccine for large-scale use in the world. EIAVDLV34 is the parent pathogenic strain. Unlike EIAVDLV34-...
Pathogenesis and ImmunityHighly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Induces Interleukin-17 Production via Activation of the IRAK1-PI3K-p38MAPK-C/EBPβ/CREB PathwaysHighly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) associated with severe pneumonia has been one of the most important viral pathogens in pigs. IL-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine that might be associated with the strong inflammation caused by PRRSV. Therefore, we sought to determine whether PRRSV infection affects IL-17 expression, and if so, determine this might partially explain the underlying mechanisms...
Pathogenesis and ImmunityCrimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Mouse Model Recapitulating Human ConvalescenceThe role of antibody or virus-specific T-cell responses in control of acute Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection is largely unclear. This is a critical gap in our understanding of CCHF, and investigation of convalescence following severe acute CCHF has been limited by the lack of suitable small animal models. We report here a mouse model of CCHF in which infected mice develop severe disease but ultimately recover. Although...