infection
Virus-Cell InteractionsH9N2 Influenza Virus Infections in Human Cells Require a Balance between Neuraminidase Sialidase Activity and Hemagglutinin Receptor AffinityH9N2 avian influenza (AI) virus, one of the most prevalent AI viruses, has caused repeated poultry and human infections, posing a huge public health risk. The H9N2 virus has diversified into multiple lineages, with the G1 lineage being the most prevalent worldwide. In this study, we isolated G1 variants carrying an 8-amino-acid deletion in their NA stalk, which is, to our knowledge, the longest deletion found in H9N2 viruses in the...
Virus-Cell InteractionsFiber-1, Not Fiber-2, Directly Mediates the Infection of the Pathogenic Serotype 4 Fowl Adenovirus via Its Shaft and Knob DomainsAmong 12 serotypes of fowl adenovirus (FAdV), FAdV-1, FAdV-4, and FAdV-10 all carry two fiber genes (i.e., fiber-1 and fiber-2), whereas other serotypes have only one. As important viral surface proteins, the fibers play vital roles in the infection and pathogenesis of FAdV. However, the importance of the fibers to the infection and pathogenesis of FAdV may be different from each other. Recent studies reveal that fiber-2 is identified...
Cellular Response to InfectionNeutrophil-Airway Epithelial Interactions Result in Increased Epithelial Damage and Viral Clearance during Respiratory Syncytial Virus InfectionThis study shows that the RSV-infected human airway drives changes in the behavior of human neutrophils, including increasing activation markers and delaying apoptosis, that result in greater airway damage and viral clearance.
Virus-Cell InteractionsHuman Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Exosomes Promote Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection via the Epidermal Growth Factor ReceptorKaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causal agent for Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), the most common malignancy in HIV/AIDS patients. Oral transmission through saliva is considered the most common route for spreading the virus among HIV/AIDS patients. However, the role of HIV-specific components in the cotransfection of KSHV is unclear. We demonstrate that exosomes purified from the saliva of HIV-positive patients and secreted...
Cellular Response to InfectionProtein Vaccination Directs the CD4+ T Cell Response toward Shared Protective Epitopes That Can Be Recalled after Influenza Virus InfectionMost current and new influenza vaccine candidates consist of a single influenza virus protein or combinations of influenza virus proteins. For these vaccines to elicit CD4+ T cells that can be recalled after infection, the peptide epitopes should be shared between the two modes of confrontation. Recently, questions regarding the relatedness of epitope selection by influenza virus infection and protein vaccination have been...
Virus-Cell Interactions | SpotlightPrimary Human B Cells at Different Differentiation and Maturation Stages Exhibit Distinct Susceptibilities to Vaccinia Virus Binding and InfectionOur results provide critical information to the field of poxvirus binding and infection tropism. We demonstrate that VACV preferentially infects memory B cells that play an important role in a rapid and vigorous antibody-mediated immune response upon reinfection by a pathogen. Additionally, this work highlights the potential of B cells as natural cellular models to identify VACV receptors or dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying...
Virus-Cell InteractionsKaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Glycoprotein H Is Indispensable for Infection of Epithelial, Endothelial, and Fibroblast Cell TypesAll homologues of herpesvirus gH studied to date have been implicated in playing an essential role in viral infection of diverse permissive cell types. However, the role of gH in the mechanism of KSHV infection remains largely unresolved. In this study, we generated a gH-null mutant KSHV and provided evidence that deficiency of gH expression did not affect viral particle assembly or egress. Using the gH-null mutant, we showed that gH...
Pathogenesis and ImmunityRoles of Type 1, 2, and 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection In Vitro and In VivoIn this study, we investigated for the first time what roles, if any, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) play in HSV-1 infection. Analysis of isolated ILCs in vitro revealed that all three subtypes could be infected with HSV-1 but that they were resistant to replication. The expression profiles of HSV-1-induced cytokines/chemokines and cellular and viral genes differed among the infected type 1, 2, and 3 ILCs in vitro. While...
Virus-Cell Interactions | SpotlightPhosphorylation of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 L2 Contributes to Efficient Virus Infectious EntryThe papillomavirus L2 capsid protein plays an essential role in infectious entry, where it directs the successful trafficking of incoming viral genomes to the nucleus. However, nothing is known about how potential posttranslational modifications may affect different aspects of capsid assembly or infectious entry. In this study, we report the first phospho-specific modification of the BPV-1 and HPV-16 L2 capsid proteins. The phospho-...
Pathogenesis and ImmunitySimian Immunodeficiency Virus Infects Functionally Polarized Memory CD4 T Cells Equivalently In VivoFunctional perturbations of memory CD4 T cells have been suggested to underlie important aspects of HIV disease progression. However, the mechanisms underlying these perturbations remain unclear. Using a nonhuman primate model of HIV, we show that SIV infects functionally defined populations of memory CD4 T cells equally in different anatomic sites. Thus, preferential infection by the virus is unlikely to cause functional perturbations...