Ebola virus
Virus-Cell Interactions | SpotlightPhosphatidylethanolamine and Phosphatidylserine Synergize To Enhance GAS6/AXL-Mediated Virus Infection and EfferocytosisPhosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are usually sequestered to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane of the healthy eukaryotic cells. During apoptosis, these phospholipids move to the cell’s outer leaflet where they are recognized by so-called PS receptors on surveilling phagocytes. Several pathogenic families of enveloped viruses hijack these PS receptors to gain entry into their target cells. Here, we show...
Structure and Assembly | SpotlightA Virion-Based Assay for Glycoprotein Thermostability Reveals Key Determinants of Filovirus Entry and Its InhibitionThe development of Ebola virus countermeasures is challenged by our limited understanding of cell entry, especially at the step of membrane fusion. The surface-exposed viral protein, GP, mediates membrane fusion and undergoes major structural rearrangements during this process. The stability of GP at elevated temperatures (thermostability) can provide insights into its capacity to undergo these rearrangements. Here, we describe a new...
Virus-Cell Interactions | SpotlightFiloviruses Use the HOPS Complex and UVRAG To Traffic to Niemann-Pick C1 Compartments during Viral EntryEbola viruses (EBOV) and other filoviruses cause sporadic and unpredictable outbreaks of highly lethal diseases. The lack of FDA-approved therapeutics, particularly ones with panfiloviral specificity, highlights the need for continued research efforts to understand aspects of the viral life cycle that are common to all filoviruses. As such, viral entry is of particular interest, as all filoviruses must reach cellular compartments...
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene ExpressionEbola Virus Inclusion Body Formation and RNA Synthesis Are Controlled by a Novel Domain of Nucleoprotein Interacting with VP35Inclusion bodies (IBs) are cytoplasmic sites of RNA synthesis for a variety of negative-sense RNA viruses, including Ebola virus. In addition to housing important steps in the viral life cycle, IBs protect new viral RNA from innate immune attack and contain specific host proteins whose function is under study. A key viral factor in Ebola virus IB formation is the nucleoprotein, NP, which also is important in RNA encapsidation and...
Virus-Cell InteractionsImpact of Měnglà Virus Proteins on Human and Bat Innate Immune PathwaysEBOV and MARV, members of the family Filoviridae, are highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses that cause severe disease in humans. Both viruses use several mechanisms to modulate the host innate immune response, and these likely contribute to the severity of disease. Here, we demonstrate that MLAV, a filovirus newly discovered in a bat, suppresses antiviral type I interferon responses in both human and bat cells. Inhibitory...
Pathogenesis and ImmunityEarly Transcriptional Changes within Liver, Adrenal Gland, and Lymphoid Tissues Significantly Contribute to Ebola Virus Pathogenesis in Cynomolgus MacaquesEbola virus (EBOV) remains a high-priority pathogen since it continues to cause outbreaks with high case fatality rates. Although it is well established that EBOV results in severe organ damage, our understanding of tissue injury in the liver, adrenal glands, and lymphoid tissues remains limited. We begin to address this knowledge gap by conducting longitudinal gene expression studies in these tissues, which were collected from EBOV-...
Vaccines and Antiviral AgentsA Bivalent, Spherical Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Enhances Breadth of Immune Responses against Pathogenic Ebola Viruses in Rhesus MacaquesEbola outbreaks result in significant morbidity and mortality in affected countries. Although several leading candidate Ebola vaccines have been developed and advanced in clinical testing, additional vaccine candidates may be needed to provide protection against different Ebola species and to extend the durability of protection. A novel approach demonstrated here is to express two genetically diverse glycoproteins on a spherical core,...
Virus-Cell InteractionsThe Integrity of the YxxL Motif of Ebola Virus VP24 Is Important for the Transport of Nucleocapsid-Like Structures and for the Regulation of Viral RNA SynthesisEbola virus (EBOV) causes a severe fever with high case fatality rates and, so far, no available specific therapy. Understanding the interplay between viral and host proteins is important to identify new therapeutic approaches. VP24 is one of the essential nucleocapsid components and is necessary to regulate viral RNA synthesis and condense viral nucleocapsids before their transport to the plasma membrane. Our functional analyses of the...
Cellular Response to InfectionMucin-Like Domain of Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Enhances Selective Oncolytic Actions against Brain TumorsThe Ebola virus glycoprotein contains a mucin-like domain which may play a role in immune evasion. Chimeric vesicular stomatitis viruses with the EBOV glycoprotein substituted for the VSV glycoprotein show greater safety and efficacy in targeting brain tumors in immunodeficient mice when the MLD was expressed within the EBOV glycoprotein than when EBOV lacked the mucin-like domain.
Virus-Cell InteractionsEbola Virus Produces Discrete Small Noncoding RNAs Independently of the Host MicroRNA Pathway Which Lack RNA Interference Activity in Bat and Human CellsHere, we report the discovery, via deep sequencing, of numerous noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) derived from both EBOV and MARV during infection of both bat and human cell lines. In addition to identifying several novel ncRNAs from both viruses, we identified two EBOV ncRNAs in our sequencing data that were near-matches to computationally predicted viral miRNAs reported in the literature. Using molecular and immunological techniques, we...