cytomegalovirus
Pathogenesis and ImmunityIdentification and Functional Characterization of a Novel Fc Gamma-Binding Glycoprotein in Rhesus CytomegalovirusRhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) offers a unique model for studying human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pathogenesis and vaccine development. RhCMV infection of nonhuman primates greatly broadened the understanding of mechanisms by which CMVs evade or reprogram T cell and natural killer cell responses in vivo. However, the role of humoral immunity and viral modulation of anti-CMV antibodies has not been studied in this model. There is...
Virus-Cell InteractionsDevelopment of a Primary Human Cell Model for the Study of Human Cytomegalovirus Replication and Spread within Salivary EpitheliumHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects the majority of the world’s population, and although it typically establishes a quiescent infection with little to no disease in most individuals, the virus is responsible for a variety of devastating sequelae in immunocompromised adults and in developing fetuses. Therefore, identifying the viral properties essential for replication, spread, and horizontal transmission is an important area of medical...
Pathogenesis and Immunity | SpotlightMurine Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein O Promotes Epithelial Cell Infection In VivoHuman cytomegalovirus is a leading cause of congenital disease. This reflects its capacity for systemic spread. A vaccine is needed, but the best viral targets are unclear. Attention has focused on the virion membrane fusion complex. It has 2 forms, so we need to know what each contributes to host colonization. One includes the virion glycoprotein O. We used murine cytomegalovirus, which has equivalent fusion complexes, to determine the...
Pathogenesis and ImmunityRestriction of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection by Galectin-9Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) continues to cause serious and often life-threatening disease in those with impaired or underdeveloped immune systems. This virus is able to infect and replicate in a wide range of human cell types, which enables the virus to spread to other individuals in a number of settings. Current antiviral drugs are associated with a significant toxicity profile, and there is no vaccine; these factors highlight a need...
Structure and AssemblyDynamin Is Required for Efficient Cytomegalovirus Maturation and EnvelopmentViruses are known to exploit specific cellular functions at different stages of their life cycle in order to replicate, avoid immune recognition by the host and to establish a successful infection. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected cells are characterized by a prominent cytoplasmic inclusion (virus assembly compartment [vAC]) that is the site of virus maturation and envelopment. While endocytic membranes are known to be the functional...
Virus-Cell InteractionsThe Abundant Tegument Protein pUL25 of Human Cytomegalovirus Prevents Proteasomal Degradation of pUL26 and Supports Its Suppression of ISGylationHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) expresses a number of tegument proteins that interfere with the intrinsic and the innate defense mechanisms of the cell. Initial induction of the interferon-stimulated gene 15 protein (ISG15) and conjugation of proteins with ISG15 (ISGylation) by HCMV infection are subsequently attenuated by the expression of the viral IE1, pUL50, and pUL26 proteins. This study adds pUL25 as another factor that contributes...
Virus-Cell InteractionsThe Human Cytomegalovirus US27 Gene Product Constitutively Activates Antioxidant Response Element-Mediated Transcription through Gβγ, Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase, and Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common congenital infection worldwide, causing deafness, blindness, and other serious birth defects. CXCR4 is a human chemokine receptor that is crucial for both fetal development and immune responses. We found that the HCMV protein US27 stimulates increased expression of CXCR4 through activation of the transcription factor nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1). NRF-1 regulates stress response...
Virus-Cell InteractionsSelective 4-Thiouracil Labeling of RNA Transcripts within Latently Infected Cells after Infection with Human Cytomegalovirus Expressing Functional Uracil PhosphoribosyltransferaseHCMV is a significant pathogen that accounts for a substantial amount of complications within the immunosuppressed and immunocompromised. Of particular significance is the capacity of HCMV to reactivate within solid tissue and bone marrow transplant recipients. While it is known that HCMV latency resides within a fraction of HPCs and monocytes, the exact subset of cells that harbor latent viral genomes during natural infections remain...
Virus-Cell InteractionsHuman Cytomegalovirus UL135 Interacts with Host Adaptor Proteins To Regulate Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Reactivation from LatencyHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes a lifelong latent infection in the human host. While the infection is typically asymptomatic in healthy individuals, HCMV infection poses life-threatening disease risk in immunocompromised individuals and is the leading cause of birth defects. Understanding how HCMV controls the lifelong latent infection and reactivation of replication from latency is critical to developing strategies to control...
Cellular Response to InfectionThe Human Cytomegalovirus Endoplasmic Reticulum-Resident Glycoprotein UL148 Activates the Unfolded Protein ResponseThe unfolded protein response (UPR) is an ancient cellular response to ER stress that is of broad importance to viruses. Certain consequences of the UPR, including mRNA degradation and translational shutoff, would presumably be disadvantageous to viruses, while other attributes of the UPR, such as ER expansion and upregulation of protein folding chaperones, might enhance viral replication. Although HCMV is estimated to express well over...