attenuation
Pathogenesis and Immunity | SpotlightC Protein Is Essential for Canine Distemper Virus Virulence and Pathogenicity in FerretsThe measles (MeV) and canine distemper (CDV) viruses express accessory proteins that regulate the host’s immune response and enhance replication. The MeV C protein is critical in preventing the generation of excess immunostimulatory double-stranded RNA.
Genetic Diversity and Evolution | SpotlightPolymerase Fidelity Contributes to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Pathogenicity and Transmissibility In VivoAmong the seven serotypes of FMDV, serotype O FMDV have the broadest distribution worldwide, which could be due to their high virulence and transmissibility induced by high genetic diversity. In this paper, we generated a single amino acid substitution FMDV variant with a high-fidelity polymerase associated with viral fitness, virulence, and transmissibility in a natural host. The results highlight that maintenance of viral population...
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene ExpressionMutagenic Analysis of Hazara Nairovirus Nontranslated Regions during Single- and Multistep Growth Identifies both Attenuating and Functionally Critical Sequences for Virus ReplicationNairoviruses are a group of RNA viruses that include many serious pathogens of humans and animals, including one of the most serious human pathogens in existence, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. The ability of nairoviruses to multiply and cause disease is controlled in major part by nucleotides that flank the 3′ and 5′ ends of nairoviral genes, called nontranslated regions (NTRs). NTR nucleotides interact with other virus...
Virus-Cell InteractionsA Molecular Determinant of West Nile Virus Secretion and Morphology as a Target for Viral AttenuationWest Nile virus (WNV) is a worldwide (re)emerging mosquito-transmitted Flavivirus causing fatal neurological diseases in humans. However, no human vaccine has been yet approved. One of the most effective live-attenuated vaccines was empirically obtained by serial passaging of wild-type yellow fever Flavivirus. However, such an approach is not acceptable nowadays, and the development of a rationally designed vaccine is...
Vaccines and Antiviral AgentsRapid Generation of Attenuated Infectious Bursal Disease Virus from Dual-Promoter Plasmids by Reduction of Viral Ribonucleoprotein ActivityImmunosuppression in chickens as a result of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection leads to significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide every year. Currently, vaccination is still the best way to prevent the prevalence of IBDV. However, with the occurrence of increasing numbers of variant IBDV strains, it is challenging to develop antigen-matched live attenuated vaccine. Here, we first developed a dual-...
Cellular Response to InfectionAttenuation of Equine Lentivirus Alters Mitochondrial Protein Expression Profile from Inflammation to ApoptosisFollowing viral infection, the working pattern and function of the cell can be transformed through the impact on mitochondria. It still unknown how the mitochondrial response changes in cells infected with viruses in the process of virulence attenuation. EIAVDLV121 is the only effective lentiviral vaccine for large-scale use in the world. EIAVDLV34 is the parent pathogenic strain. Unlike EIAVDLV34-...
Vaccines and Antiviral Agents | SpotlightAn E460D Substitution in the NS5 Protein of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Confers Resistance to the Inhibitor Galidesivir (BCX4430) and Also Attenuates the Virus for MiceTick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a pathogen that causes severe human neuroinfections in Europe and Asia and for which there is currently no specific therapy. We have previously found that galidesivir (BCX4430), a broad-spectrum RNA virus inhibitor, which is under clinical development for treatment of Ebola and yellow fever virus infections, has a strong antiviral effect against TBEV. For any antiviral drug, it is important to...
Genetic Diversity and EvolutionAttenuation of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Eggs Results in Different Patterns of Genomic Variation across Multiple ReplicatesInfectious bronchitis remains a major problem in the global poultry industry, despite the existence of many different vaccines. IBV vaccines are currently developed by serial passage of a virulent strain on embryonated hen’s eggs until attenuation; however, little is known about the evolution of the viral population during the process of attenuation. High-throughput sequencing of four replicates of a serially egg-passaged IBV revealed a...
- Pathogenesis and ImmunityAttenuation of Simian Varicella Virus Infection by Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein in Rhesus Macaques
- Vaccines and Antiviral Agents | SpotlightSingle-Dose Trivalent VesiculoVax Vaccine Protects Macaques from Lethal Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Challenge