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apoptosis

  • Telomere and ATM Dynamics in CD4 T-Cell Depletion in Active and Virus-Suppressed HIV Infections
    Cellular Response to Infection
    Telomere and ATM Dynamics in CD4 T-Cell Depletion in Active and Virus-Suppressed HIV Infections

    The hallmark of HIV infection is a gradual depletion of CD4 T cells, with a progressive decline of host immunity. How CD4 T cells are depleted in individuals with active and virus-suppressed HIV infection remains unclear. In this study, we employed a cellular model of HIV infection to characterize the mechanisms underlying CD4 T-cell destruction by analyzing the chromosome end (telomere) DNA damage response (DDR) and cellular apoptosis...

    Sushant Khanal, Qiyuan Tang, Dechao Cao, Juan Zhao, Lam Nhat Nguyen, Oluwayomi Samson Oyedeji, Xindi Dang, Lam Ngoc Thao Nguyen, Madison Schank, Bal Krishna Chand Thakuri, Chinyere Ogbu, Zheng D. Morrison, Xiao Y. Wu, Zheng Zhang, Qing He, Mohamed El Gazzar, Zhengke Li, Shunbin Ning, Ling Wang, Jonathan P. Moorman, Zhi Q. Yao
  • Selective Interferon Responses of Intestinal Epithelial Cells Minimize Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Cytotoxicity
    Pathogenesis and Immunity | Spotlight
    Selective Interferon Responses of Intestinal Epithelial Cells Minimize Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Cytotoxicity

    Enteric viral infections are a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide and have the potential to trigger or exacerbate intestinal inflammatory diseases. Prior studies have identified specialized innate immune responses that are active in the intestinal epithelium following viral infection, but our understanding of the benefits of such an epithelium-specific response is incomplete. Here, we show that the intestinal epithelial antiviral...

    Jacob A. Van Winkle, David A. Constant, Lena Li, Timothy J. Nice
  • Polyomavirus Small T Antigen Induces Apoptosis in Mammalian Cells through the UNC5B Pathway in a PP2A-Dependent Manner
    Transformation and Oncogenesis
    Polyomavirus Small T Antigen Induces Apoptosis in Mammalian Cells through the UNC5B Pathway in a PP2A-Dependent Manner

    UNC5B, PP2A, and netrin-1 are deregulated in a variety of cancers. UNC5B and PP2A are regarded as tumor suppressors, as they promote apoptosis and are deleted or mutated in many cancers. In contrast, netrin-1 promotes survival by inhibiting dependence receptors, including UNC5B, and is upregulated in many cancers. Here, we show that UNC5B-mediated apoptosis can occur independently of p53 but in a PP2A-dependent manner. A substantial...

    Sameer Ahmed Bhat, Zarka Sarwar, Syed Qaaifah Gillani, Misbah Un Nisa, Irfana Reshi, Nusrat Nabi, Shaozhen Xie, Khalid M. Fazili, Thomas M. Roberts, Shaida Andrabi
  • Antiapoptotic Clone 11-Derived Peptides Induce <em>In Vitro</em> Death of CD4<sup>+</sup> T Cells Susceptible to HIV-1 Infection
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Antiapoptotic Clone 11-Derived Peptides Induce In Vitro Death of CD4+ T Cells Susceptible to HIV-1 Infection

    Although antiretroviral treatment efficiently blocks HIV multiplication, it cannot eliminate cells already carrying integrated proviruses. In the search for an HIV cure, the identification of new potential targets to selectively eliminate infected cells is of the outmost importance. We show here that peptides derived from antiapoptotic clone 11 (AAC-11), whose expression levels correlated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection of CD4...

    Anastassia Mikhailova, José Carlos Valle-Casuso, Annie David, Valérie Monceaux, Stevenn Volant, Caroline Passaes, Amal Elfidha, Michaela Müller-Trutwin, Jean-Luc Poyet, Asier Sáez-Cirión
  • Beta Human Papillomavirus 8E6 Attenuates LATS Phosphorylation after Failed Cytokinesis
    Transformation and Oncogenesis
    Beta Human Papillomavirus 8E6 Attenuates LATS Phosphorylation after Failed Cytokinesis

    β-HPVs contribute to cSCC development in immunocompromised populations. However, it is unclear if these common cutaneous viruses are tumorigenic in the general population. Thus, a more thorough investigation of β-HPV biology is warranted. If β-HPV infections do promote cSCCs, they are hypothesized to destabilize the cellular genome. In vitro data support this idea by demonstrating the ability of the β-HPV E6 protein to disrupt...

    Dalton Dacus, Celeste Cotton, Tristan X. McCallister, Nicholas A. Wallace
  • Open Access
    Novel Insights into the Roles of Bcl-2 Homolog Nr-13 (vNr-13) Encoded by Herpesvirus of Turkeys in the Virus Replication Cycle, Mitochondrial Networks, and Apoptosis Inhibition
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Novel Insights into the Roles of Bcl-2 Homolog Nr-13 (vNr-13) Encoded by Herpesvirus of Turkeys in the Virus Replication Cycle, Mitochondrial Networks, and Apoptosis Inhibition

    B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins play important roles in regulating apoptosis during homeostasis, tissue development, and infectious diseases. Several viruses encode homologs of cellular Bcl-2-proteins (vBcl-2) to inhibit apoptosis, which enable them to replicate and persist in the infected cells and to evade/modulate the immune response of the host. Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) is a nonpathogenic alphaherpesvirus of turkeys...

    Vishwanatha R. A. P. Reddy, Yashar Sadigh, Na Tang, Yongxiu Yao, Venugopal Nair
  • Free
    Benefits and Perils of Necroptosis in Influenza Virus Infection
    Gem
    Benefits and Perils of Necroptosis in Influenza Virus Infection

    Influenza A viruses (IAV) are lytic viruses that have recently been found to activate necroptosis in many of the cell types they infect. Necroptotic cell death is potently immunogenic and limits IAV spread by directly eliminating infected cells and by mobilizing both innate and adaptive immune responses. The benefits of necroptosis to the host, however, may sometimes be outweighed by the potentially deleterious hyperinflammatory...

    Siddharth Balachandran, Glenn F. Rall
  • Open Access
    Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Encodes a Previously Unrecognized Protein, pOv8.25, That Targets Mitochondria and Triggers Apoptotic Cell Death
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Encodes a Previously Unrecognized Protein, pOv8.25, That Targets Mitochondria and Triggers Apoptotic Cell Death

    Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) circulates among sheep without causing disease. However, upon transmission to cattle, the same virus instigates a frequently lethal disease, malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). While the cause of death and pathogenesis of tissue lesions are still poorly understood, MCF is characterized by the accumulation of lymphocytes in various tissues, associated with vasculitis and cell death. As infectious virus is hardly...

    Neeta Shrestha, Kurt Tobler, Stephanie Uster, Romina Sigrist-Nagy, Melanie Michaela Hierweger, Mathias Ackermann
  • Expression of Murine CD80 by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 in Place of Latency-Associated Transcript (LAT) Can Compensate for Latency Reactivation and Anti-apoptotic Functions of LAT
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Expression of Murine CD80 by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 in Place of Latency-Associated Transcript (LAT) Can Compensate for Latency Reactivation and Anti-apoptotic Functions of LAT

    Recurring ocular infections caused by HSV-1 can cause corneal scarring and blindness. A major function of the HSV-1 latency-associated transcript (LAT) is to establish high levels of latency and reactivation, thus contributing to the development of eye disease. Here, we show that the host CD80 T cell costimulatory molecule functions similarly to LAT and can restore the ability of LAT to establish latency, reactivation, and immune...

    Ujjaldeep Jaggi, Harry H. Matundan, Kati Tormanen, Shaohui Wang, Jack Yu, Kevin R. Mott, Homayon Ghiasi
  • Epigenetic Upregulation of Chicken MicroRNA-16-5p Expression in DF-1 Cells following Infection with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) Enhances IBDV-Induced Apoptosis and Viral Replication
    Cellular Response to Infection
    Epigenetic Upregulation of Chicken MicroRNA-16-5p Expression in DF-1 Cells following Infection with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) Enhances IBDV-Induced Apoptosis and Viral Replication

    Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive disease in young chickens, causing severe economic losses to stakeholders across the globe. Although IBD virus (IBDV)-induced apoptosis in the host has been established, the underlying mechanism is not very clear. Here, we show that infection of DF-1 cells by IBDV upregulated gga-miR-16-5p expression via demethylation of the pre-miR-16-2 promoter....

    Xueyan Duan, Mingliang Zhao, Yongqiang Wang, Xiaoqi Li, Hong Cao, Shijun J. Zheng

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