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Table of Contents

October 2020; Volume 94,Issue 19

Spotlight

  • Free
    Articles of Significant Interest in This Issue
    Spotlight
    Articles of Significant Interest in This Issue

Structure and Assembly

  • Open Access
    N-Linked Glycan Sites on the Influenza A Virus Neuraminidase Head Domain Are Required for Efficient Viral Incorporation and Replication
    Structure and Assembly
    N-Linked Glycan Sites on the Influenza A Virus Neuraminidase Head Domain Are Required for Efficient Viral Incorporation and Replication

    N-linked glycans are transferred to secretory proteins upon entry into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. In addition to promoting secretory protein maturation, enveloped viruses also utilize these large oligosaccharide structures to prevent access to surface antigen epitopes. Sequence analyses of the influenza A virus (IAV) surface antigen neuraminidase (NA or N) showed that the conservation of N-linked glycosylation sites on the NA...

    Henrik Östbye, Jin Gao, Mira Rakic Martinez, Hao Wang, Jan-Willem de Gier, Robert Daniels
  • Herpes Simplex Virus Organizes Cytoplasmic Membranes To Form a Viral Assembly Center in Neuronal Cells
    Structure and Assembly | Spotlight
    Herpes Simplex Virus Organizes Cytoplasmic Membranes To Form a Viral Assembly Center in Neuronal Cells

    Herpesvirus particles are complex and contain many different proteins that must come together in an organized and coordinated fashion. Many viruses solve this coordination problem by creating a specialized assembly factory in the host cell, and the formation of such factories provides a promising target for interfering with virus production. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infects several types of cells, including neurons, but has not...

    Shaowen White, Hiroyuki Kawano, N. Charles Harata, Richard J. Roller
  • Critical Residues and Contacts within Domain IV of Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus GP64 Contribute to Its Refolding during Membrane Fusion
    Structure and Assembly
    Critical Residues and Contacts within Domain IV of Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus GP64 Contribute to Its Refolding during Membrane Fusion

    Baculovirus GP64 is grouped with rhabdovirus G, herpesvirus gB, and thogotovirus glycoproteins as a class III viral fusion protein. In their postfusion structures, these proteins contain five domains (domains I to V). Distinct from domain IV of rhabdovirus G and herpesvirus gB proteins, which is composed of β-sheets, domain IV of GP64 is a loop region; the same domain in thogotovirus glycoproteins has not been solved. In addition,...

    Qianlong Yu, Lisha Bai, Ning Ji, Xiaorong Yue, Yuanyuan Jiang, Zhaofei Li

Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression

  • Sequential Phosphorylation of the Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Protein Depends on NS3-Mediated Autocleavage between NS3 and NS4A
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    Sequential Phosphorylation of the Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Protein Depends on NS3-Mediated Autocleavage between NS3 and NS4A

    For ca. 20 years, the HCV protease NS3 has been implicated in NS5A hyperphosphorylation. We now show that it is the NS3-mediated cis cleavage at the NS3-4A junction that permits NS5A phosphorylation at serines 2201, 2208, 2211, and 2214, leading to hyperphosphorylation, which is a necessary condition for genotype 2 HCV replication. We further show that NS5A may already be phosphorylated at these serine residues right after NS3-...

    Cho-Han Chiang, Yen-Ling Lai, Yu-Ning Huang, Chun-Chiao Yu, Christine C. Lu, Guann-Yi Yu, Ming-Jiun Yu
  • Open Access
    Antiviral Properties of the LSD1 Inhibitor SP-2509
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    Antiviral Properties of the LSD1 Inhibitor SP-2509

    Treatment of HSV-1-infected cells with SP-2509 blocked viral DNA replication, gene expression after the onset of DNA replication, and virus production. These data support a potential new role for LSD1 in the regulation of viral DNA replication and successive steps in the virus life cycle, and further highlight the promising potential to utilize LSD1 inhibition as an antiviral approach.

    Mitchell R. Harancher, Jessica E. Packard, Shane P. Cowan, Neal A. DeLuca, Jill A. Dembowski

Genetic Diversity and Evolution

  • Open Access
    Immune Escape Adaptive Mutations in the H7N9 Avian Influenza Hemagglutinin Protein Increase Virus Replication Fitness and Decrease Pandemic Potential
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    Immune Escape Adaptive Mutations in the H7N9 Avian Influenza Hemagglutinin Protein Increase Virus Replication Fitness and Decrease Pandemic Potential

    Avian influenza H7N9 viruses have been causing disease outbreaks in poultry and humans. We previously determined that propagation of H7N9 virus in virus-specific antiserum gives rise to mutant viruses carrying mutations A125T+A151T+L217Q in their hemagglutinin protein, enabling the virus to overcome vaccine-induced immunity. As predicted, these immune escape mutations were also observed in the field viruses that likely emerged in the...

    Pengxiang Chang, Joshua E. Sealy, Jean-Remy Sadeyen, Sushant Bhat, Deimante Lukosaityte, Yipeng Sun, Munir Iqbal
  • A Rare Mutation in an Infant-Derived HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Alters Interprotomer Stability and Susceptibility to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the Trimer Apex
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    A Rare Mutation in an Infant-Derived HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Alters Interprotomer Stability and Susceptibility to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the Trimer Apex

    The design of HIV-1 envelope-based immunogens capable of eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is currently under active research. Some of the most potent bnAbs target the quaternary epitope at the V2 apex of the HIV-1 Env trimer. By studying naturally circulating viruses from a perinatally HIV-1-infected infant with plasma neutralizing antibodies targeted to the V2 apex, we identified a rare leucine-to-phenylalanine...

    Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Bimal Kumar Das, Sushil Kumar Kabra, Rakesh Lodha, Kalpana Luthra
  • Subclinical Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus Shedding Is Associated with Increasing HIV DNA Molecular Diversity in Peripheral Blood during Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    Subclinical Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus Shedding Is Associated with Increasing HIV DNA Molecular Diversity in Peripheral Blood during Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy

    As part of this study, we evaluated the molecular characteristics of the HIV DNA reservoir over time during antiretroviral treatment (ART) in relation to those of other chronic viral infections (i.e., cytomegalovirus [CMV] and Epstein-Barr virus [EBV]). We demonstrated that the presence of CMV and high-level EBV DNA in peripheral blood cells was associated with changes in HIV DNA molecular diversity. Specifically, HIV DNA molecular...

    Antoine Chaillon, Masato Nakazawa, Stephen A. Rawlings, Genevieve Curtin, Gemma Caballero, Brianna Scott, Christy Anderson, Sara Gianella
  • Analysis of Virus Population Profiles within Pigs Infected with Virulent Classical Swine Fever Viruses: Evidence for Bottlenecks in Transmission but Absence of Tissue-Specific Virus Variants
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    Analysis of Virus Population Profiles within Pigs Infected with Virulent Classical Swine Fever Viruses: Evidence for Bottlenecks in Transmission but Absence of Tissue-Specific Virus Variants

    The surface-exposed E2 protein of classical swine fever virus is required for its interaction with host cells. A short motif within this protein varies between strains of different virulence. The importance of two particular amino acid residues in determining the properties of a highly virulent strain of the virus has been analyzed. Each of the different viruses tested proved highly virulent, but one of them produced earlier, but not...

    Camille Melissa Johnston, Ulrik Fahnøe, Louise Lohse, Jens Bukh, Graham J. Belsham, Thomas Bruun Rasmussen

Virus-Cell Interactions

  • A Stronger Transcription Regulatory Circuit of HIV-1C Drives the Rapid Establishment of Latency with Implications for the Direct Involvement of Tat
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    A Stronger Transcription Regulatory Circuit of HIV-1C Drives the Rapid Establishment of Latency with Implications for the Direct Involvement of Tat

    Over the past 10 to 15 years, HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) has been evolving rapidly toward gaining stronger transcriptional activity by sequence duplication of major transcription factor binding sites. The duplication of NF-κB motifs is unique and exclusive to HIV-1C, a property not shared with any of the other eight HIV-1 genetic families. What mechanism(s) does HIV-1C employ to establish and maintain transcriptional silence despite the...

    Sutanuka Chakraborty, Manisha Kabi, Udaykumar Ranga
  • RNA-Seq Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Long Terminal Repeat Retrotransposon Modulation in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells after <em>In Vivo</em> Lipopolysaccharide Injection
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    RNA-Seq Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Long Terminal Repeat Retrotransposon Modulation in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells after In Vivo Lipopolysaccharide Injection

    We described the HERV and MaLR transcriptome in PBMCs, finding that about 8.4% of the LTR retrotransposon loci were expressed and identifying the betaretrovirus-like HERVs as those with the highest percentage of expressed loci. We found 4,607 HERV and MaLR loci that were modulated as a result of in vivo stimulation with LPS. The HERV-H group showed the highest number of differentially expressed most intact proviruses. We...

    Maria Paola Pisano, Olivier Tabone, Maxime Bodinier, Nicole Grandi, Julien Textoris, François Mallet, Enzo Tramontano
  • Third Helical Domain of the Nipah Virus Fusion Glycoprotein Modulates both Early and Late Steps in the Membrane Fusion Cascade
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    Third Helical Domain of the Nipah Virus Fusion Glycoprotein Modulates both Early and Late Steps in the Membrane Fusion Cascade

    The Paramyxoviridae family includes important human and animal pathogens, such as measles, mumps, and parainfluenza viruses and the deadly henipaviruses Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses. Paramyxoviruses infect the respiratory tract and the central nervous system (CNS) and can be highly infectious. Most paramyxoviruses have a limited host range. However, the biosafety level 4 NiV and HeV are highly pathogenic and have a wide...

    J. Lizbeth Reyes Zamora, Victoria Ortega, Gunner P. Johnston, Jenny Li, Nicole M. André, I. Abrrey Monreal, Erik M. Contreras, Gary R. Whittaker, Hector C. Aguilar
  • SUMOylation Targets Adeno-associated Virus Capsids but Mainly Restricts Transduction by Cellular Mechanisms
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    SUMOylation Targets Adeno-associated Virus Capsids but Mainly Restricts Transduction by Cellular Mechanisms

    Host factors within the cell are the major mode of restriction of adeno-associated virus (AAV) and keep it from fulfilling its maximum potential as a gene therapy vector. A better understanding of the intricacies of restriction would enable the engineering of better vectors. Via a genome-wide short interfering RNA screen, we identified that proteins of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) pathway play an important role in AAV...

    Qingxin Chen, Robin Njenga, Barbara Leuchs, Susanna Chiocca, Jürgen Kleinschmidt, Martin Müller
  • Genetic Analyses of Contributions of Viral Interleukin-6 Interactions and Signaling to Human Herpesvirus 8 Productive Replication
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Genetic Analyses of Contributions of Viral Interleukin-6 Interactions and Signaling to Human Herpesvirus 8 Productive Replication

    Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)-encoded viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6) was the first viral IL-6 homologue to be identified. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that vIL-6 is important for the onset and/or progression of HHV-8-associated endothelial-cell and B-cell pathologies, including AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma and multicentric Castleman’s disease. The protein is unusual in its poor secretion from cells and its intracellular...

    Qian Li, Qiwang Xiang, Daming Chen, John Nicholas
  • A Hyperactive Kunjin Virus NS3 Helicase Mutant Demonstrates Increased Dissemination and Mortality in Mosquitoes
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    A Hyperactive Kunjin Virus NS3 Helicase Mutant Demonstrates Increased Dissemination and Mortality in Mosquitoes

    Kunjin and West Nile viruses belong to the arthropod-borne flaviviruses, which can result in severe symptoms, including encephalitis, meningitis, and death. Flaviviruses have expanded into new populations and emerged as novel pathogens repeatedly in recent years, demonstrating that they remain a global threat. Currently, there are no approved antiviral therapeutics against either Kunjin or West Nile viruses. Thus, there is a pressing...

    Kelly E. Du Pont, Nicole R. Sexton, Martin McCullagh, Gregory D. Ebel, Brian J. Geiss
  • NS5 Sumoylation Directs Nuclear Responses That Permit Zika Virus To Persistently Infect Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    NS5 Sumoylation Directs Nuclear Responses That Permit Zika Virus To Persistently Infect Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells

    ZIKV is a unique neurovirulent flavivirus that persistently infects human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), the primary barrier that restricts viral access to neuronal compartments. Here, we demonstrate that flavivirus-specific SIM and SUMO sites determine the assembly of NS5 proteins into discrete nuclear bodies (NBs). We found that NS5 SIM sites are required for NS5 nuclear localization and that SUMO sites regulate NS5...

    Jonas N. Conde, William R. Schutt, Megan Mladinich, Sook-Young Sohn, Patrick Hearing, Erich R. Mackow
  • Cortactin Interacts with Hepatitis C Virus Core and NS5A Proteins: Implications for Virion Assembly
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Cortactin Interacts with Hepatitis C Virus Core and NS5A Proteins: Implications for Virion Assembly

    Cortactin is a cytoskeletal protein that regulates cell migration in response to a number of extracellular stimuli. The functional involvement of cortactin in the virus life cycle is not yet fully understood. The most significant finding is that cortactin strongly interacted with both hepatitis C virus (HCV) core and NS5A. Cortactin is involved in HCV assembly by tethering core and NS5A on the lipid droplets (LDs) with no effect on LD...

    Lap P. Nguyen, Tram T. T. Nguyen, Huu C. Nguyen, Hang T. Pham, Kang Min Han, Dong Hwa Choi, Eun-Mee Park, Sang Min Kang, Dongseob Tark, Yun-Sook Lim, Soon B. Hwang

Cellular Response to Infection

  • Free
    Type I and Type III Interferons Restrict SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Human Airway Epithelial Cultures
    Cellular Response to Infection
    Type I and Type III Interferons Restrict SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Human Airway Epithelial Cultures

    The current pandemic of respiratory illness, COVID-19, is caused by a recently emerged coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2. This virus infects airway and lung cells causing fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath. Severe cases of COVID-19 can result in lung damage, low blood oxygen levels, and even death. As there are currently no vaccines approved for use in humans, studies of the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection are urgently needed. Our...

    Abigail Vanderheiden, Philipp Ralfs, Tatiana Chirkova, Amit A. Upadhyay, Matthew G. Zimmerman, Shamika Bedoya, Hadj Aoued, Gregory M. Tharp, Kathryn L. Pellegrini, Candela Manfredi, Eric Sorscher, Bernardo Mainou, Jenna L. Lobby, Jacob E. Kohlmeier, Anice C. Lowen, Pei-Yong Shi, Vineet D. Menachery, Larry J. Anderson, Arash Grakoui, Steven E. Bosinger, Mehul S. Suthar
  • Human Nasal Turbinate Tissues in Organ Culture as a Model for Human Cytomegalovirus Infection at the Mucosal Entry Site
    Cellular Response to Infection
    Human Nasal Turbinate Tissues in Organ Culture as a Model for Human Cytomegalovirus Infection at the Mucosal Entry Site

    HCMV is a ubiquitous human pathogen causing neurodevelopmental disabilities in congenitally infected children and severe disease in immunocompromised patients. The earliest stages of HCMV infection in the human host have remained elusive in the absence of a model for the viral entry site. Here, we describe the establishment and use of a novel nasal turbinate organ culture to study the initial steps of viral infection and the consequent...

    Or Alfi, Ido From, Arkadi Yakirevitch, Michael Drendel, Michael Wolf, Karen Meir, Zichria Zakay-Rones, Yuval Nevo, Sharona Elgavish, Ophir Ilan, Yiska Weisblum, Shay Tayeb, Menachem Gross, Wayne Jonas, John Ives, Menachem Oberbaum, Amos Panet, Dana G. Wolf

Transformation and Oncogenesis

  • Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Small Tumor Antigen Activates Matrix Metallopeptidase-9 Gene Expression for Cell Migration and Invasion
    Transformation and Oncogenesis
    Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Small Tumor Antigen Activates Matrix Metallopeptidase-9 Gene Expression for Cell Migration and Invasion

    Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is the most aggressive cutaneous tumor without clearly defined treatment. Although MCC has a high propensity for metastasis, little is known about the underlying mechanisms that drive MCC invasion and metastatic progression. MMP-9 has been shown to play a detrimental role in many metastatic human cancers, including melanoma and other nonmelanoma skin cancers. Our study shows that MCV sT-mediated MMP-9...

    Nnenna Nwogu, Luz E. Ortiz, Adrian Whitehouse, Hyun Jin Kwun

Gene Delivery

  • Open Access
    Coevolution of Adeno-associated Virus Capsid Antigenicity and Tropism through a Structure-Guided Approach
    Gene Delivery | Spotlight
    Coevolution of Adeno-associated Virus Capsid Antigenicity and Tropism through a Structure-Guided Approach

    Clinical gene therapy with recombinant AAV vectors has largely relied on natural capsid isolates. There is an unmet need to comprehensively improve AAV tissue tropism, transduction efficiency, and antibody evasion. Such cannot be achieved by utilizing capsid sequence data alone but requires harnessing the 3D structural properties of AAV capsids. Here, we combine rational design and library-based evolution to coevolve multiple, desirable...

    L. Patrick Havlik, Katherine E. Simon, J. Kennon Smith, Kelli A. Klinc, Longping V. Tse, Daniel K. Oh, Marco M. Fanous, Rita M. Meganck, Mario Mietzsch, Jürgen Kleinschmidt, Mavis Agbandje-McKenna, Aravind Asokan

Vaccines and Antiviral Agents

  • Anti-Chikungunya Virus Monoclonal Antibody That Inhibits Viral Fusion and Release
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Anti-Chikungunya Virus Monoclonal Antibody That Inhibits Viral Fusion and Release

    Recent outbreaks of chikungunya fever have increased its clinical importance. Neither a specific antiviral drug nor a commercial vaccine for CHIKV infection are available. Here, we show a detailed model of the docking between the envelope glycoprotein of CHIKV and our unique anti-CHIKV-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (CHE19), which inhibits CHIKV membrane fusion and virion release from CHIKV-infected cells. Homology modeling of the...

    Uranan Tumkosit, Uamporn Siripanyaphinyo, Naokazu Takeda, Motonori Tsuji, Yusuke Maeda, Kriangsak Ruchusatsawat, Tatsuo Shioda, Hiroto Mizushima, Prukswan Chetanachan, Pattara Wongjaroen, Yoshiharu Matsuura, Masashi Tatsumi, Atsushi Tanaka
  • A Conformational Escape Reaction of HIV-1 against an Allosteric Integrase Inhibitor
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    A Conformational Escape Reaction of HIV-1 against an Allosteric Integrase Inhibitor

    Understanding the mechanism of HIV-1 resistance to anti-HIV-1 drugs could lead to the development of novel drugs with increased efficiency, resulting in more effective ART. ART composed of more potent and long-acting anti-HIV-1 drugs can greatly improve drug adherence and also provide HIV-1 prevention such as preexposure prophylaxis. NCINIs with a multimodal mode of action exert potent anti-HIV-1 effects through IN overmultimerization...

    Tomofumi Nakamura, Teruya Nakamura, Masayuki Amano, Toshikazu Miyakawa, Yuriko Yamagata, Masao Matsuoka, Hirotomo Nakata
  • Open Access
    Single-Point Mutations within the Coxsackie B Virus Receptor-Binding Site Promote Resistance against Soluble Virus Receptor Traps
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents | Spotlight
    Single-Point Mutations within the Coxsackie B Virus Receptor-Binding Site Promote Resistance against Soluble Virus Receptor Traps

    The emergence of resistant viruses is one of the most frequent obstacles preventing successful therapy of viral infections, representing a significant threat to human health. We investigated the emergence of resistant viruses during treatment with sCAR-Fc, a well-studied, highly effective antiviral molecule against CVB infections. Our data show the molecular aspects of resistant CVB3 mutants that arise during repetitive sCAR-Fc usage....

    Sandra Pinkert, Anja Kopp, Vanessa Brückner, Henry Fechner, Antje Beling
  • Development of Reverse Genetics for the Prototype New World Mammarenavirus Tacaribe Virus
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Development of Reverse Genetics for the Prototype New World Mammarenavirus Tacaribe Virus

    To date, no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved vaccines are available to combat hemorrhagic fever caused by mammarenavirus infections in humans. Treatment of mammarenavirus infections is limited to the off-label use of ribavirin, which is partially effective and associated with significant side effects. Tacaribe virus (TCRV), the prototype member of the New World mammarenaviruses, is nonpathogenic in humans but able to provide...

    Chengjin Ye, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Luis Martínez-Sobrido
  • A Novel Mucosal Adjuvant System for Immunization against Avian Coronavirus Causing Infectious Bronchitis
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    A Novel Mucosal Adjuvant System for Immunization against Avian Coronavirus Causing Infectious Bronchitis

    According to 2017 U.S. agriculture statistics, the combined value of production and sales from broilers, eggs, turkeys, and chicks was $42.8 billion. Of this number, broiler sales comprised 67% of the industry value, with the production of >50 billion pounds of chicken meat. The economic success of the poultry industry in the United States hinges on the extensive use of vaccines to control infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and other...

    Shaswath S. Chandrasekar, Brock Kingstad-Bakke, Chia-Wei Wu, M. Suresh, Adel M. Talaat

Pathogenesis and Immunity

  • Nonhuman Primate Testing of the Impact of Different Regulatory T Cell Depletion Strategies on Reactivation and Clearance of Latent Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Nonhuman Primate Testing of the Impact of Different Regulatory T Cell Depletion Strategies on Reactivation and Clearance of Latent Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

    Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can decisively contribute to the establishment and persistence of the HIV reservoir, since they harbor high levels of HIV/SIV, increase the pool of resting CD4+ T cells by reversing their immune activation status, and impair CD8+ T cell function, favoring HIV persistence. We tested multiple Treg depletion strategies and showed that all of them are at least partially successful in...

    Ranjit Sivanandham, Adam J. Kleinman, Paola Sette, Egidio Brocca-Cofano, Sindhuja Murali Kilapandal Venkatraman, Benjamin B. Policicchio, Tianyu He, Cuiling Xu, Julia Swarthout, Zhirui Wang, Ivona Pandrea, Cristian Apetrei
  • Open Access
    Combination of CD8β Depletion and Interleukin-15 Superagonist N-803 Induces Virus Reactivation in Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected, Long-Term ART-Treated Rhesus Macaques
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Combination of CD8β Depletion and Interleukin-15 Superagonist N-803 Induces Virus Reactivation in Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected, Long-Term ART-Treated Rhesus Macaques

    The “shock and kill” HIV cure strategy attempts to reverse and eliminate the latent viral infection that prevents eradication of the virus. Latency-reversing agents tested in clinical trials to date have failed to affect the HIV viral reservoir. IL-15 superagonist N-803, currently involved in a clinical trial for HIV cure, was recently shown by our laboratory to induce robust and persistent induction of plasma viremia during ART in...

    Julia B. McBrien, Andrew K. H. Wong, Erick White, Diane G. Carnathan, John H. Lee, Jeffrey T. Safrit, Thomas H. Vanderford, Mirko Paiardini, Ann Chahroudi, Guido Silvestri
  • Open Access
    Regional Brain Recovery from Acute Synaptic Injury in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques Associates with Heme Oxygenase Isoform Expression
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Regional Brain Recovery from Acute Synaptic Injury in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques Associates with Heme Oxygenase Isoform Expression

    Brain injury induced by acute simian (or human) immunodeficiency virus infection may persist or spontaneously resolve in different brain regions. Identifying the host factor(s) that promotes spontaneous recovery from such injury may reveal targets for therapeutic drug strategies for promoting recovery from acute neuronal injury. The gradual recovery from such injury observed in many, but not all, brain regions in the rhesus macaque...

    Yoelvis Garcia-Mesa, Rolando Garza, Maria E. Diaz Ortiz, Analise L. Gruenewald, Brandon L. Bastien, Rebecca Lobrovich, David J. Irwin, Michael R. Betts, Guido Silvestri, Dennis L. Kolson
  • Open Access
    Role of Escape Mutant-Specific T Cells in Suppression of HIV-1 Replication and Coevolution with HIV-1
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Role of Escape Mutant-Specific T Cells in Suppression of HIV-1 Replication and Coevolution with HIV-1

    Escape mutant-specific CD8+ T cells were elicited in some individuals infected with escape mutants, but it is still unknown whether these CD8+ T cells can suppress HIV-1 replication. We clarified that Gag280V mutation were selected by HLA-B*52:01-restricted CD8+ T cells specific for the GagRI8 protective epitope, whereas the Gag280V virus could frequently elicit GagRI8-6V mutant-specific CD8+...

    Yu Zhang, Nozomi Kuse, Tomohiro Akahoshi, Takayuki Chikata, Hiroyuki Gatanaga, Shinichi Oka, Hayato Murakoshi, Masafumi Takiguchi

Author Correction

  • Free
    Correction for Hartman et al., “Discovery and Characterization of Thermoproteus Spherical Piliferous Virus 1: a Spherical Archaeal Virus Decorated with Unusual Filaments”
    Author Correction
    Correction for Hartman et al., “Discovery and Characterization of Thermoproteus Spherical Piliferous Virus 1: a Spherical Archaeal Virus Decorated with Unusual Filaments”
    Ross Hartman, Lieuwe Biewenga, Jacob Munson-McGee, Mohammed Refai, Eric S. Boyd, Brian Bothner, C. Martin Lawrence, Mark Young

Retractions

  • Free
    Retraction for Waris et al., “Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Constitutively Activates STAT-3 via Oxidative Stress: Role of STAT-3 in HCV Replication”
    Retraction
    Retraction for Waris et al., “Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Constitutively Activates STAT-3 via Oxidative Stress: Role of STAT-3 in HCV Replication”
    Gulam Waris, James Turkson, Tarek Hassanein, Aleem Siddiqui
  • Free
    Retraction for Waris and Siddiqui, “Hepatitis C Virus Stimulates the Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 via Oxidative Stress: Role of Prostaglandin E2 in RNA Replication”
    Retraction
    Retraction for Waris and Siddiqui, “Hepatitis C Virus Stimulates the Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 via Oxidative Stress: Role of Prostaglandin E2 in RNA Replication”
    Gulam Waris, Aleem Siddiqui
  • Free
    Retraction for Nasimuzzaman et al., “Hepatitis C Virus Stabilizes Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α and Stimulates the Synthesis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor”
    Retraction
    Retraction for Nasimuzzaman et al., “Hepatitis C Virus Stabilizes Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α and Stimulates the Synthesis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor”
    Md Nasimuzzaman, Gulam Waris, David Mikolon, Dwayne G. Stupack, Aleem Siddiqui
  • Free
    Retraction for Waris et al., “Hepatitis C Virus Induces Proteolytic Cleavage of Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins and Stimulates Their Phosphorylation via Oxidative Stress”
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    Retraction for Waris et al., “Hepatitis C Virus Induces Proteolytic Cleavage of Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins and Stimulates Their Phosphorylation via Oxidative Stress”
    Gulam Waris, Daniel Jeffery Felmlee, Francesco Negro, Aleem Siddiqui

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Journal of Virology: 94 (19)

In This Issue

volume 94, issue 19
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
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  • Spotlight
  • Structure and Assembly
  • Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
  • Genetic Diversity and Evolution
  • Virus-Cell Interactions
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  • Transformation and Oncogenesis
  • Gene Delivery
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  • Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus
  • COVID-19 Vaccines: “Warp Speed” Needs Mind Melds, Not Warped Minds
  • Nucleocapsid Protein Recruitment to Replication-Transcription Complexes Plays a Crucial Role in Coronaviral Life Cycle
  • Molecular Mechanism for Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Coronavirus Entry
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