An Extended Primer Grip of Picornavirus Polymerase Facilitates Sexual RNA Replication Mechanisms

ABSTRACT

Picornaviruses have both asexual and sexual RNA replication mechanisms. Asexual RNA replication mechanisms involve one parental template, whereas sexual RNA replication mechanisms involve two or more parental templates. Because sexual RNA replication mechanisms counteract ribavirin-induced error catastrophe, we selected for ribavirin-resistant poliovirus to identify polymerase residues that facilitate sexual RNA replication mechanisms. We used serial passage in ribavirin, beginning with a variety of ribavirin-sensitive and ribavirin-resistant parental viruses. Ribavirin-sensitive virus contained an L420A polymerase mutation, while ribavirin-resistant virus contained a G64S polymerase mutation. A G64 codon mutation (G64^Fix) was used to inhibit emergence of G64S-mediated ribavirin resistance. Revertants (L420) or pseudorevertants (L420V and L420I) were selected from all independent lineages of L420A, G64^Fix L420A, and G64S L420A parental viruses. Ribavirin resistance G64S mutations were selected in two independent lineages, and novel ribavirin resistance mutations were selected in the polymerase in other lineages (M299I, M323I, M392V, and T353I). The structural orientation of M392, immediately adjacent to L420 and the polymerase primer grip region, led us to engineer additional polymerase mutations into poliovirus (M392A, M392L, M392V, K375R, and R376K). L420A revertants and pseudorevertants (L420V and L420I) restored efficient viral RNA recombination, confirming that ribavirin-induced error catastrophe coincides with defects in sexual RNA replication mechanisms. Viruses containing M392 mutations (M392A, M392L, and M392V) and primer grip mutations (K375R and R376K) exhibited divergent RNA recombination, ribavirin sensitivity, and biochemical phenotypes, consistent with changes in the fidelity of RNA synthesis. We conclude that an extended primer grip of the polymerase, including L420, M392, K375, and R376, contributes to the fidelity of RNA synthesis and to efficient sexual RNA replication mechanisms.

IMPORTANCE Picornaviruses have both asexual and sexual RNA replication mechanisms. Sexual RNA replication shapes picornavirus species groups, contributes to the emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses, and counteracts error catastrophe. Can viruses distinguish between homologous and nonhomologous partners during sexual RNA replication? We implicate an extended primer grip of the viral polymerase in sexual RNA replication mechanisms. By sensing RNA sequence complementarity near the active site, the extended primer grip of the polymerase has the potential to distinguish between homologous and nonhomologous RNA templates during sexual RNA replication.