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Table of Contents

June 2020; Volume 94,Issue 11

Spotlight

  • Free
    Articles of Significant Interest in This Issue
    Spotlight
    Articles of Significant Interest in This Issue

Gem

  • Free
    Flavivirus Envelope Protein Glycosylation: Impacts on Viral Infection and Pathogenesis
    Gem
    Flavivirus Envelope Protein Glycosylation: Impacts on Viral Infection and Pathogenesis

    Flaviviruses encode one, two, or no N-linked glycosylation sites on their envelope proteins. Glycosylation can impact virus interactions with cell surface attachment factors and also may impact virion stability and virus replication. Envelope protein glycosylation has been identified as a virulence determinant for multiple flaviviruses, but the mechanisms by which glycosylation mediates pathogenesis remain unclear. In this Gem...

    Derek L. Carbaugh, Helen M. Lazear

Structure and Assembly

  • Salt Enhances the Thermostability of Enteroviruses by Stabilizing Capsid Protein Interfaces
    Structure and Assembly
    Salt Enhances the Thermostability of Enteroviruses by Stabilizing Capsid Protein Interfaces

    The genus Enterovirus encompasses important contaminants of water and food (e.g., coxsackieviruses), as well as viruses of acute public health concern (e.g., poliovirus). Depending on the properties of the surrounding matrix, enteroviruses exhibit different sensitivities to heat, which in turn influences their persistence in the environment, during food treatment, and during vaccine storage. Here, we determined the effect of...

    Simon Meister, Alessio Prunotto, Matteo Dal Peraro, Tamar Kohn

Genetic Diversity and Evolution

  • Identification of Reptarenaviruses, Hartmaniviruses, and a Novel Chuvirus in Captive Native Brazilian Boa Constrictors with Boid Inclusion Body Disease
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    Identification of Reptarenaviruses, Hartmaniviruses, and a Novel Chuvirus in Captive Native Brazilian Boa Constrictors with Boid Inclusion Body Disease

    Boid inclusion body disease (BIBD), caused by reptarenavirus infection, affects captive snake populations worldwide, but the reservoir hosts of reptarenaviruses remain unknown. Here, we report the identification of novel reptarenaviruses, hartmaniviruses, and a chuvirus in captive Brazilian boas with BIBD. Three of the four snakes studied showed coinfection with all three viruses, and one of the snakes harbored three novel...

    Fernando Froner Argenta, Jussi Hepojoki, Teemu Smura, Leonora Szirovicza, Márcia Elisa Hammerschmitt, David Driemeier, Anja Kipar, Udo Hetzel
    and The BIBD Group
  • Open Access
    Transmission of Koala Retrovirus from Parent Koalas to a Joey in a Japanese Zoo
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    Transmission of Koala Retrovirus from Parent Koalas to a Joey in a Japanese Zoo

    KoRV is unique among retroviruses in that one strain (KoRV-A) is undergoing endogenization, whereas the other main subtype (KoRV-B) and another subtype (KoRV-C) are reportedly exogenous strains. Its transmission and pathogenesis are of interest in the study of retroviruses and are crucial for any conservation strategy geared toward koala health. This study provides new evidence on the modes of KoRV transmission from parent koalas to...

    Md Abul Hashem, Fumie Maetani, Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh, Taiki Eiei, Kyoya Mochizuki, Ayaka Ito, Hiroko Sakurai, Takayuki Asai, Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
  • Discovery and Characterization of Thermoproteus Spherical Piliferous Virus 1: a Spherical Archaeal Virus Decorated with Unusual Filaments
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    Discovery and Characterization of Thermoproteus Spherical Piliferous Virus 1: a Spherical Archaeal Virus Decorated with Unusual Filaments

    High-temperature environments have proven to be an important source for the discovery of new archaeal viruses with unusual particle morphologies and gene content. Our isolation of Thermoproteus spherical piliferous virus 1 (TSPV1), with numerous filaments extending from the virion surface, expands our understanding of viral diversity and provides new insight into viral replication in high-temperature environments.

    Ross Hartman, Lieuwe Biewenga, Jacob Munson-McGee, Mohammed Refai, Eric S. Boyd, Brian Bothner, C. Martin Lawrence, Mark Young
  • Novel Cell-Virus-Virophage Tripartite Infection Systems Discovered in the Freshwater Lake Dishui Lake in Shanghai, China
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    Novel Cell-Virus-Virophage Tripartite Infection Systems Discovered in the Freshwater Lake Dishui Lake in Shanghai, China

    Virophages are small parasitizing viruses of large/giant viruses. To our knowledge, the few isolated virophages all parasitize giant protozoan viruses (Mimiviridae) for propagation and form a tripartite infection system with hosts, here named the cell-virus-virophage (CVv) system. However, the CVv system remains largely unknown in environmental metagenomic data sets. In this study, we systematically investigated the metagenomic...

    Shengzhong Xu, Liang Zhou, Xiaosha Liang, Yifan Zhou, Hao Chen, Shuling Yan, Yongjie Wang
  • Subtype Diversity of Influenza A Virus in North American Waterfowl: a Multidecade Study
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution | Spotlight
    Subtype Diversity of Influenza A Virus in North American Waterfowl: a Multidecade Study

    Wild aquatic birds are the primary natural reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs) and are therefore responsible for the dispersal and maintenance of IAVs representing a broad range of antigenic and genetic diversity. The aims of IAV surveillance in waterfowl not only relate to understanding the risk of spillover risk to humans, but also to improving our understanding of basic questions related to IAV evolution and ecology. By...

    Elena R. Diskin, Kimberly Friedman, Scott Krauss, Jacqueline M. Nolting, Rebecca L. Poulson, Richard D. Slemons, David E. Stallknecht, Robert G. Webster, Andrew S. Bowman
  • Open Access
    Comparative Analysis of RNA Virome Composition in Rabbits and Associated Ectoparasites
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    Comparative Analysis of RNA Virome Composition in Rabbits and Associated Ectoparasites

    Ectoparasites play an important role in the transmission of many vertebrate-infecting viruses, including Zika and dengue viruses. Although it is becoming increasingly clear that invertebrate species harbor substantial virus diversity, it is unclear how many of the viruses carried by invertebrates have the potential to infect vertebrate species. We used the European rabbit (...

    Jackie E. Mahar, Mang Shi, Robyn N. Hall, Tanja Strive, Edward C. Holmes

Virus-Cell Interactions

  • Double-Stranded-RNA-Binding Protein 2 Participates in Antiviral Defense
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    Double-Stranded-RNA-Binding Protein 2 Participates in Antiviral Defense

    Plants employ multiple defense mechanisms to restrict viral infections, among which RNA interference is the best understood. The activation of innate immunity often leads to both local and systemic necrotic responses, which confine the virus to the infected cells and can also provide resistance to distal, noninfected parts of the organism. Systemic necrosis, which is regarded as a special form of the local hypersensitive response,...

    Károly Fátyol, Katalin Anna Fekete, Márta Ludman
  • Ubqln4 Facilitates Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Cytosol Escape of a Nonenveloped Virus during Infection
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    Ubqln4 Facilitates Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Cytosol Escape of a Nonenveloped Virus during Infection

    How a nonenveloped virus escapes from a host membrane to promote infection remains enigmatic. In the case of the nonenveloped polyomavirus SV40, penetration of the ER membrane to reach the cytosol is a decisive virus infection step. In this study, we found a new host factor called Ubqln4 that facilitates escape of SV40 from the ER into the cytosol, thereby providing a path for the virus to enter the nucleus to cause infection.

    ...
    Xiaofang Liu, Billy Tsai
  • Open Access
    Remodeling of the Core Leads HIV-1 Preintegration Complex into the Nucleus of Human Lymphocytes
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Remodeling of the Core Leads HIV-1 Preintegration Complex into the Nucleus of Human Lymphocytes

    How the reverse-transcribed genome reaches the host nucleus remains a main open question related to the infectious cycle of HIV-1. The HIV-1 core has a size of ∼100 nm, largely exceeding that of the NPC channel (∼39 nm). Thus, a rearrangement of the viral CA protein organization is required to achieve an effective nuclear translocation. The mechanism of this process remains undefined due to the lack of a technology capable of...

    Guillermo Blanco-Rodriguez, Anastasia Gazi, Blandine Monel, Stella Frabetti, Viviana Scoca, Florian Mueller, Olivier Schwartz, Jacomine Krijnse-Locker, Pierre Charneau, Francesca Di Nunzio
  • Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Tegument Protein BGLF2 Suppresses Type I Interferon Signaling To Promote EBV Reactivation
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Tegument Protein BGLF2 Suppresses Type I Interferon Signaling To Promote EBV Reactivation

    Type I interferons are important for controlling virus infection. We have found that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BGLF2 tegument protein binds to a protein in the type I interferon signaling pathway Tyk2 and inhibits the expression of genes induced by type I interferons. Treatment of EBV-infected cells with type I interferon inhibits reactivation of the virus, while expression of EBV BGLF2 reduces the ability of type I interferon to...

    XueQiao Liu, Tomohiko Sadaoka, Tammy Krogmann, Jeffrey I. Cohen
  • CD21 (Complement Receptor 2) Is the Receptor for Epstein-Barr Virus Entry into T Cells
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    CD21 (Complement Receptor 2) Is the Receptor for Epstein-Barr Virus Entry into T Cells

    Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has a well-described tropism for B cells and epithelial cells. Recently, we described the ability of a second strain of EBV, EBV type 2, to infect mature peripheral T cells. Using a neutralizing antibody assay, we determined that EBV uses the viral glycoprotein gp350 and the cellular protein CD21 to gain entry into mature peripheral T cells. CRISPR-Cas9 deletion of CD21 on the Jurkat T-cell line confirmed that...

    Nicholas A. Smith, Carrie B. Coleman, Benjamin E. Gewurz, Rosemary Rochford
  • Osteopetrosis-Associated Transmembrane Protein 1 Recruits RNA Exosome To Restrict Hepatitis B Virus Replication
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    Osteopetrosis-Associated Transmembrane Protein 1 Recruits RNA Exosome To Restrict Hepatitis B Virus Replication

    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a human pathogen infecting the liver to cause a variety of diseases ranging from acute hepatitis to advanced liver diseases, fulminate hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, thereby causing a major health problem worldwide. In this study, we demonstrated that Ostm1 plays an inhibitory role in HBV protein production, RNA expression, and DNA replication. However, Ostm1 has no effect on the...

    Chunqiang Ma, Wei Xu, Qingyu Yang, Weiyong Liu, Qi Xiang, Junbo Chen, Qi Zhang, Yingle Liu, Kailang Wu, Jianguo Wu
  • Alix-Mediated Rescue of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Budding Differs from That Observed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Alix-Mediated Rescue of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Budding Differs from That Observed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

    FIV is a nonprimate lentivirus that infects domestic cats and causes a syndrome that is reminiscent of AIDS in humans. Based on its similarity to HIV with regard to different molecular and biochemical properties, FIV represents an attractive model for the development of strategies to prevent and/or treat HIV infection. Here, we show that the Bro1 domain of the human cellular protein Alix is sufficient to rescue the budding of FIV...

    Claudia Del Vecchio, Michele Celestino, Marta Celegato, Giorgio Palù, Cristina Parolin, Fadila Bouamr, Arianna Calistri
  • Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Abl2 Kinase Regulate Distinct Steps of Human Papillomavirus 16 Endocytosis
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Abl2 Kinase Regulate Distinct Steps of Human Papillomavirus 16 Endocytosis

    Human papillomaviruses are small, nonenveloped DNA viruses that infect skin and mucosa. The so-called high-risk HPVs (e.g., HPV16, HPV18, HPV31) have transforming potential and are associated with various anogenital and oropharyngeal tumors. These viruses enter host cells by a novel endocytic pathway with unknown cellular function. To date, it is unclear how endocytic vesicle formation occurs mechanistically. Here, we addressed the role...

    Carina Bannach, Pia Brinkert, Lena Kühling, Lilo Greune, M. Alexander Schmidt, Mario Schelhaas

Gene Delivery

  • Impact of Natural or Synthetic Singletons in the Capsid of Human Bocavirus 1 on Particle Infectivity and Immunoreactivity
    Gene Delivery
    Impact of Natural or Synthetic Singletons in the Capsid of Human Bocavirus 1 on Particle Infectivity and Immunoreactivity

    The family of Parvoviridae comprises a wide variety of members that exhibit a unique biology and that are concurrently highly interesting as a scaffold for the development of human gene therapy vectors. A most notable example is human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), which we and others have recently harnessed to cross-package and deliver recombinant genomes derived from another parvovirus, the adeno-associated virus (AAV). Here, we...

    Julia Fakhiri, Kai-Philipp Linse, Mario Mietzsch, Man Xu, Marc A. Schneider, Michael Meister, Oliver Schildgen, Paul Schnitzler, Maria Soderlund-Venermo, Mavis Agbandje-McKenna, Dirk Grimm

Vaccines and Antiviral Agents

  • Epigenetic Suppression of HIV in Myeloid Cells by the BRD4-Selective Small Molecule Modulator ZL0580
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Epigenetic Suppression of HIV in Myeloid Cells by the BRD4-Selective Small Molecule Modulator ZL0580

    Brain-resident microglia and perivascular macrophages are important HIV reservoirs in the CNS. Persistent viral replication and latent HIV reactivation in the CNS, even under ART, are believed to occur, causing neuroinflammation and neurological disorders in HIV-infected patients. It is critical to identify new approaches that can control residual HIV replication and/or latent HIV reactivation in these reservoirs. We here report that...

    Edrous Alamer, Chaojie Zhong, Zhiqing Liu, Qingli Niu, Fuquan Long, Lulu Guo, Benjamin B. Gelman, Lynn Soong, Jia Zhou, Haitao Hu
  • Trivalent Glycoprotein Subunit Vaccine Prevents Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Mortality and Morbidity
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents | Spotlight
    Trivalent Glycoprotein Subunit Vaccine Prevents Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Mortality and Morbidity

    Herpes simplex virus is among the most serious infections of newborns. Current antiviral therapies can prevent mortality if infection is recognized early and treated promptly. Most children who survive nHSV develop lifelong neurological and behavioral deficits, despite aggressive antiviral treatment. We propose that maternal immunization could provide protection against HSV for both mother and baby. To this end, we used a trivalent...

    Chaya D. Patel, Sean A. Taylor, Jesse Mehrbach, Sita Awasthi, Harvey M. Friedman, David A. Leib

Pathogenesis and Immunity

  • Open Access
    Maternal Zika Virus (ZIKV) Infection following Vaginal Inoculation with ZIKV-Infected Semen in Timed-Pregnant Olive Baboons
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Maternal Zika Virus (ZIKV) Infection following Vaginal Inoculation with ZIKV-Infected Semen in Timed-Pregnant Olive Baboons

    Zika virus remains a worldwide health threat, with outbreaks still occurring in the Americas. While mosquitos are the primary vector for the spread of the virus, sexual transmission of Zika virus is also a significant means of infection, especially in terms of passage from an infected to an uninfected partner. While sexual transmission has been documented in humans, and male-to-female transmission has been reported in mice, ours is the...

    Sunam Gurung, Hugh Nadeau, Marta Maxted, Jamie Peregrine, Darlene Reuter, Abby Norris, Rodney Edwards, Kimberly Hyatt, Krista Singleton, James F. Papin, Dean A. Myers
  • Coronavirus Endoribonuclease and Deubiquitinating Interferon Antagonists Differentially Modulate the Host Response during Replication in Macrophages
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Coronavirus Endoribonuclease and Deubiquitinating Interferon Antagonists Differentially Modulate the Host Response during Replication in Macrophages

    Macrophages are an important cell type during coronavirus infections because they “notice” the infection and respond by inducing type I interferons, which limits virus replication. In turn, coronaviruses encode proteins that mitigate the cell’s ability to signal an interferon response. Here, we evaluated the host macrophage response to two independent mutant coronaviruses, one with reduced deubiquitinating activity (DUBmut) and the...

    Aaron Volk, Matthew Hackbart, Xufang Deng, Yazmin Cruz-Pulido, Amornrat O’Brien, Susan C. Baker
  • Early Transcriptional Changes within Liver, Adrenal Gland, and Lymphoid Tissues Significantly Contribute to Ebola Virus Pathogenesis in Cynomolgus Macaques
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Early Transcriptional Changes within Liver, Adrenal Gland, and Lymphoid Tissues Significantly Contribute to Ebola Virus Pathogenesis in Cynomolgus Macaques

    Ebola virus (EBOV) remains a high-priority pathogen since it continues to cause outbreaks with high case fatality rates. Although it is well established that EBOV results in severe organ damage, our understanding of tissue injury in the liver, adrenal glands, and lymphoid tissues remains limited. We begin to address this knowledge gap by conducting longitudinal gene expression studies in these tissues, which were collected from EBOV-...

    Allen Jankeel, Andrea R. Menicucci, Courtney Woolsey, Karla A. Fenton, Norma Mendoza, Krista Versteeg, Robert W. Cross, Thomas W. Geisbert, Ilhem Messaoudi
  • Outbreak Severity of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses Is Inversely Correlated to Polymerase Complex Activity and Interferon Induction
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Outbreak Severity of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses Is Inversely Correlated to Polymerase Complex Activity and Interferon Induction

    Compared to the 2014-15 outbreak, the 2016-17 outbreak of influenza A(H5N8) viruses in the Netherlands and Europe was more virulent; the number of dead or diseased wild birds found and the severity of pathological changes were higher during the 2016-17 outbreak. The polymerase complex plays an important role in influenza virus virulence, and the gene segments of influenza A(H5N8) viruses reassorted extensively between the outbreaks. In...

    René M. Vigeveno, Marjolein J. Poen, Edyth Parker, Melle Holwerda, Karen de Haan, Thijs van Montfort, Nicola S. Lewis, Colin A. Russell, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Menno D. de Jong, Dirk Eggink
  • Structure-Guided Mutagenesis Alters Deubiquitinating Activity and Attenuates Pathogenesis of a Murine Coronavirus
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Structure-Guided Mutagenesis Alters Deubiquitinating Activity and Attenuates Pathogenesis of a Murine Coronavirus

    Coronaviruses employ a genetic economy by encoding multifunctional proteins that function in viral replication and also modify the host environment to disarm the innate immune response. The coronavirus papain-like protease 2 (PLP2) domain possesses protease activity, which cleaves the viral replicase polyprotein, and also DUB activity (deconjugating ubiquitin/ubiquitin-like molecules from modified substrates) using identical catalytic...

    Xufang Deng, Yafang Chen, Anna M. Mielech, Matthew Hackbart, Kristina R. Kesely, Robert C. Mettelman, Amornrat O’Brien, Mackenzie E. Chapman, Andrew D. Mesecar, Susan C. Baker
  • An R195K Mutation in the PA-X Protein Increases the Virulence and Transmission of Influenza A Virus in Mammalian Hosts
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    An R195K Mutation in the PA-X Protein Increases the Virulence and Transmission of Influenza A Virus in Mammalian Hosts

    Four influenza pandemics in humans (the Spanish flu of 1918 [H1N1], the Asian flu of 1957 [H2N2], the Hong Kong flu of 1968 [H3N2], and the swine origin flu of 2009 [H1N1]) are all proposed to have been caused by avian or swine influenza viruses that acquired virulence factors through adaptive mutation or reassortment with circulating human viruses. Currently, influenza viruses circulating in animals are repeatedly transmitted to humans...

    Yipeng Sun, Zhe Hu, Xuxiao Zhang, Mingyue Chen, Zhen Wang, Guanlong Xu, Yuhai Bi, Qi Tong, Mingyang Wang, Honglei Sun, Juan Pu, Munir Iqbal, Jinhua Liu
  • Gp37 Regulates the Pathogenesis of Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J via Its C Terminus
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Gp37 Regulates the Pathogenesis of Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J via Its C Terminus

    ALV-J can cause severe immunosuppression and myeloid leukemia in infected chickens. However, no vaccine or antiviral drug is available against ALV-J, and the mechanism for ALV-J pathogenesis needs to be elucidated. It is generally believed that gp85 and LTR of ALV contribute to its pathogenesis. Here, we found that the C terminus and the tyrosine motifs (YxxM, ITIM, and ITAM-like) in the CTD of Gp37 of ALV-J could...

    Tuofan Li, Xiaohui Yao, Chunping Li, Jun Zhang, Quan Xie, Weikang Wang, Hao Lu, Hui Fu, Luyuan Li, Jing Xie, Hongxia Shao, Wei Gao, Aijian Qin, Jianqiang Ye

Letter to the Editor

  • Free
    Isolation and Full-Length Genome Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 from COVID-19 Cases in Northern Italy
    Letter to the Editor
    Isolation and Full-Length Genome Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 from COVID-19 Cases in Northern Italy
    Danilo Licastro, Sreejith Rajasekharan, Simeone Dal Monego, Ludovica Segat, Pierlanfranco D’Agaro, Alessandro Marcello
    and The Regione FVG Laboratory Group on COVID-19

Authors Corrections

  • Free
    Correction for Garrido et al., “Interleukin-15-Stimulated Natural Killer Cells Clear HIV-1-Infected Cells following Latency Reversal <em>Ex Vivo</em>”
    Author Correction
    Correction for Garrido et al., “Interleukin-15-Stimulated Natural Killer Cells Clear HIV-1-Infected Cells following Latency Reversal Ex Vivo”
    Carolina Garrido, Maria Abad-Fernandez, Marina Tuyishime, Justin J. Pollara, Guido Ferrari, Natalia Soriano-Sarabia, David M. Margolis
  • Free
    Correction for Giovanetti et al., “Yellow Fever Virus Reemergence and Spread in Southeast Brazil, 2016–2019”
    Author Correction
    Correction for Giovanetti et al., “Yellow Fever Virus Reemergence and Spread in Southeast Brazil, 2016–2019”
    Marta Giovanetti, Marcos Cesar Lima de Mendonça, Vagner Fonseca, Maria Angélica Mares-Guia, Allison Fabri, Joilson Xavier, Jaqueline Goes de Jesus, Tiago Gräf, Cintia Damasceno dos Santos Rodrigues, Carolina Cardoso dos Santos, Simone Alves Sampaio, Flavia Lowen Levy Chalhoub, Fernanda de Bruycker Nogueira, Julien Theze, Alessandro Pecego Martins Romano, Daniel Garkauskas Ramos, Andre Luiz de Abreu, Wanderson Kleber Oliveira, Rodrigo Fabiano do Carmo Said, Carlos F. Campelo de Alburque, Tulio de Oliveira, Carlos Augusto Fernandes, Shirlei Ferreira Aguiar, Alexandre Chieppe, Patrícia Carvalho Sequeira, Nuno Rodrigues Faria, Rivaldo Venâncio Cunha, Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara, Ana Maria Bispo de Filippis

Masthead

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    Editorial Board
    Masthead
    Editorial Board
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Journal of Virology: 94 (11)

In This Issue

volume 94, issue 11
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  • Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus
  • COVID-19 Vaccines: “Warp Speed” Needs Mind Melds, Not Warped Minds
  • Nucleocapsid Protein Recruitment to Replication-Transcription Complexes Plays a Crucial Role in Coronaviral Life Cycle
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