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Table of Contents

April 2019; Volume 93,Issue 8

Spotlight

  • Free
    Articles of Significant Interest in This Issue
    Spotlight
    Articles of Significant Interest in This Issue

Gem

  • Free
    Cytoplasm and Beyond: Dynamic Innate Immune Sensing of Influenza A Virus by RIG-I
    Gem
    Cytoplasm and Beyond: Dynamic Innate Immune Sensing of Influenza A Virus by RIG-I

    Innate immune sensing of influenza A virus (IAV) requires retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), a fundamental cytoplasmic RNA sensor. How RIG-I’s cytoplasmic localization reconciles with the nuclear replication nature of IAV is poorly understood.

    GuanQun Liu, Yan Zhou

Minireview

  • An Epigenetic Journey: Epstein-Barr Virus Transcribes Chromatinized and Subsequently Unchromatinized Templates during Its Lytic Cycle
    Minireview
    An Epigenetic Journey: Epstein-Barr Virus Transcribes Chromatinized and Subsequently Unchromatinized Templates during Its Lytic Cycle

    The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic phase, like those of all herpesviruses, proceeds via an orderly cascade that integrates DNA replication and gene expression. EBV early genes are expressed independently of viral DNA amplification, and several early gene products facilitate DNA amplification.

    Adityarup Chakravorty, Bill Sugden, Eric C. Johannsen

Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression

  • S-Like-Phase Cyclin-Dependent Kinases Stabilize the Epstein-Barr Virus BDLF4 Protein To Temporally Control Late Gene Transcription
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    S-Like-Phase Cyclin-Dependent Kinases Stabilize the Epstein-Barr Virus BDLF4 Protein To Temporally Control Late Gene Transcription

    Late (L) genes represent more than one-third of the herpesvirus genome, suggesting that many of these genes are indispensable for the life cycle of the virus. With the exception of BCRF1, BDLF2, and BDLF3, Epstein-Barr virus L genes are transcribed by viral regulators, which are known as the viral preinitiation complex (vPIC) and the host RNA polymerase II complex. Because the vPIC is conserved in beta- and gammaherpesviruses, studying...

    Yoshitaka Sato, Takahiro Watanabe, Chihiro Suzuki, Yuichi Abe, H. M. Abdullah Al Masud, Tomoki Inagaki, Masahiro Yoshida, Takeshi Suzuki, Fumi Goshima, Jun Adachi, Takeshi Tomonaga, Takayuki Murata, Hiroshi Kimura
  • Human Papillomavirus E6/E7 and Long Noncoding RNA TMPOP2 Mutually Upregulated Gene Expression in Cervical Cancer Cells
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    Human Papillomavirus E6/E7 and Long Noncoding RNA TMPOP2 Mutually Upregulated Gene Expression in Cervical Cancer Cells

    Human papillomaviruses 16 and 18 (HPV16/18) are the main causative agents of cervical cancer. Viral proteins HPV16/18 E6 and E7 are constitutively expressed in cancer cells to maintain oncogenic phenotypes. Accumulating evidences suggest that HPVs are correlated with the deregulation of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cervical cancer, although the mechanism was unexplored in most cases. TMPOP2 is a newly identified lncRNA excessively...

    Hongpeng He, Xiang Liu, Yue Liu, Mengmeng Zhang, Yongwei Lai, Yunpeng Hao, Qiutong Wang, Danyang Shi, Nan Wang, Xue-Gang Luo, Wenjian Ma, Tong-Cun Zhang
  • The DNase Activity of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus SOX Protein Serves an Important Role in Viral Genome Processing during Lytic Replication
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    The DNase Activity of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus SOX Protein Serves an Important Role in Viral Genome Processing during Lytic Replication

    Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus is the causative agent of multiple malignancies, predominantly in immunocompromised individuals, including HIV/AIDS patients. Reduced incidence of KS in HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiherpetic drugs to block lytic replication confirms the role of lytic DNA replication and gene products in KSHV-mediated tumorigenesis. Herpesvirus lytic replication results in the production of complex...

    Timsy Uppal, Dylan Meyer, Andrea Agrawal, Subhash C. Verma
  • Hepatitis Delta Antigen Regulates mRNA and Antigenome RNA Levels during Hepatitis Delta Virus Replication
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    Hepatitis Delta Antigen Regulates mRNA and Antigenome RNA Levels during Hepatitis Delta Virus Replication

    Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a satellite of hepatitis B virus that increases the severity of liver disease; approximately 15 million people are chronically infected worldwide. There are no licensed therapies available. HDV is not related to any known virus, and few details regarding its replication cycle are known. One key question is whether and how HDV regulates the relative amounts of viral RNA and protein in infected cells. Such...

    Kaneemozhe Harichandran, Yiran Shen, Susannah Stephenson Tsoris, See-Chi Lee, John L. Casey
  • Generation of Infectious Recombinant Human Rotaviruses from Just 11 Cloned cDNAs Encoding the Rotavirus Genome
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    Generation of Infectious Recombinant Human Rotaviruses from Just 11 Cloned cDNAs Encoding the Rotavirus Genome

    Human group A rotavirus (HuRVA) is a leading pathogen causing severe diarrhea in young children worldwide. In this paper, we describe the generation of recombinant HuRVA (strain KU) from only 11 cloned cDNAs encoding the HuRVA genome by reverse genetics. The growth properties of the recombinant HuRVA were similar to those of the parental RVA, providing a powerful tool for better understanding of HuRVA replication and pathogenesis....

    Satoshi Komoto, Saori Fukuda, Masanori Kugita, Riona Hatazawa, Chitose Koyama, Kazuhiko Katayama, Takayuki Murata, Koki Taniguchi

Genetic Diversity and Evolution

  • Open Access
    Comparison of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Strains Circulating in Finland Demonstrates the Uncoupling of Whole-Genome Relatedness and Phenotypic Outcomes of Viral Infection
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    Comparison of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Strains Circulating in Finland Demonstrates the Uncoupling of Whole-Genome Relatedness and Phenotypic Outcomes of Viral Infection

    Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) infect a majority of adults. Recent data have highlighted the genetic diversity of HSV-1 strains and demonstrated apparent genomic relatedness between strains from the same geographic regions. We used HSV-1 clinical isolates from Finland to test the relationship between viral genomic and geographic relationships, differences in specific genes, and characteristics of viral infection. We found that viral...

    Christopher D. Bowen, Henrik Paavilainen, Daniel W. Renner, Jussi Palomäki, Jenni Lehtinen, Tytti Vuorinen, Peter Norberg, Veijo Hukkanen, Moriah L. Szpara
  • The Molecular Basis for Antigenic Drift of Human A/H2N2 Influenza Viruses
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    The Molecular Basis for Antigenic Drift of Human A/H2N2 Influenza Viruses

    While influenza A viruses of subtype H2N2 were at the origin of the Asian influenza pandemic, little is known about the antigenic changes that occurred during the twelve years of circulation in humans, the role of preexisting immunity, and the evolutionary rates of the virus. In this study, the antigenic map derived from hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers of cell-cultured virus isolates and ferret postinfection sera displayed a...

    M. Linster, E. J. A. Schrauwen, S. van der Vliet, D. F. Burke, P. Lexmond, T. M. Bestebroer, D. J. Smith, S. Herfst, B. F. Koel, R. A. M. Fouchier
  • Open Access
    Characterization of Intact Proviruses in Blood and Lymph Node from HIV-Infected Individuals Undergoing Analytical Treatment Interruption
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    Characterization of Intact Proviruses in Blood and Lymph Node from HIV-Infected Individuals Undergoing Analytical Treatment Interruption

    HIV-1 persists as a latent infection in CD4+ T cells that can be found in lymphoid tissues in infected individuals during ART. However, the importance of this tissue reservoir and its contribution to viral rebound upon ART interruption are not clear. In this study, we sought to compare latent HIV-1 from blood and lymph node CD4+ T cells from five HIV-1-infected individuals. Further, we analyzed the contribution of...

    Line K. Vibholm, Julio C. C. Lorenzi, Joy A. Pai, Yehuda Z. Cohen, Thiago Y. Oliveira, John P. Barton, Marco Garcia Noceda, Ching-Lan Lu, Yuria Ablanedo-Terrazas, Perla M. Del Rio Estrada, Gustavo Reyes-Teran, Martin Tolstrup, Paul W. Denton, Tine Damsgaard, Ole S. Søgaard, Michel C. Nussenzweig
  • Punctuated Evolution of Myxoma Virus: Rapid and Disjunct Evolution of a Recent Viral Lineage in Australia
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution | Spotlight
    Punctuated Evolution of Myxoma Virus: Rapid and Disjunct Evolution of a Recent Viral Lineage in Australia

    The coevolution of myxoma virus (MYXV) and European rabbits in Australia is one of the most important natural experiments in evolutionary biology, providing insights into virus adaptation to new hosts and the evolution of virulence. Previous studies of MYXV evolution have also shown that the virus evolves both relatively rapidly and in a strongly clock-like manner. Using newly acquired MYXV genome sequences from Australia, we show that...

    Peter J. Kerr, John-Sebastian Eden, Francesca Di Giallonardo, David Peacock, June Liu, Tanja Strive, Andrew F. Read, Edward C. Holmes
  • Open Access
    Medusavirus, a Novel Large DNA Virus Discovered from Hot Spring Water
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution | Spotlight
    Medusavirus, a Novel Large DNA Virus Discovered from Hot Spring Water

    We have isolated a new nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV) from hot spring water in Japan, named medusavirus. This new NCLDV is phylogenetically placed at the root of the eukaryotic clades based on the phylogenies of several key genes, including that encoding DNA polymerase, and its genome surprisingly encodes the full set of histone homologs. Furthermore, its laboratory host,...

    Genki Yoshikawa, Romain Blanc-Mathieu, Chihong Song, Yoko Kayama, Tomohiro Mochizuki, Kazuyoshi Murata, Hiroyuki Ogata, Masaharu Takemura

Virus-Cell Interactions

  • Dissecting the Cell Entry Pathway of Baculovirus by Single-Particle Tracking and Quantitative Electron Microscopic Analysis
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Dissecting the Cell Entry Pathway of Baculovirus by Single-Particle Tracking and Quantitative Electron Microscopic Analysis

    Baculoviruses are used widely as environmentally benign pesticides, protein expression systems, and potential mammalian gene delivery vectors. Despite the significant application value, little is known about the cell entry and endocytic trafficking pathways of baculoviruses. In this study, we demonstrated that the alphabaculovirus AcMNPV exhibited actin- and microtubule-dependent transport for nucleocapsid release predominantly from...

    Fujun Qin, Congrui Xu, Jia Hu, Chengfeng Lei, Zhenhua Zheng, Ke Peng, Hanzhong Wang, Xiulian Sun
  • Baculovirus IE2 Interacts with Viral DNA through Daxx To Generate an Organized Nuclear Body Structure for Gene Activation in Vero Cells
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Baculovirus IE2 Interacts with Viral DNA through Daxx To Generate an Organized Nuclear Body Structure for Gene Activation in Vero Cells

    The major breakthrough of this work is that viral protein IE2 localizes and transactivates its own viral DNA through a most unlikely route, i.e., host proteins Daxx and H3.3, which are designed to efficiently restrict viral DNA from expression. By interacting with these host intrinsic immune factors, IE2 can thus target the viral DNA and then form a unique spherical nuclear body, which we name the CCLA, to enclose the viral DNA and...

    Sung-Chan Wei, Chih-Hsuan Tsai, Wei-Ting Hsu, Yu-Chan Chao
  • Measles Virus Bearing Measles Inclusion Body Encephalitis-Derived Fusion Protein Is Pathogenic after Infection via the Respiratory Route
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Measles Virus Bearing Measles Inclusion Body Encephalitis-Derived Fusion Protein Is Pathogenic after Infection via the Respiratory Route

    Measles virus (MeV) infection can be severe in immunocompromised individuals and lead to complications, including measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE). In some cases, MeV persistence and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) occur even in the face of an intact immune response. While they are relatively rare complications of MeV infection, MIBE and SSPE are lethal. This work addresses the hypothesis that despite a dysregulated...

    Cyrille Mathieu, Marion Ferren, Eric Jurgens, Claire Dumont, Ksenia Rybkina, Olivia Harder, Debora Stelitano, Silvia Madeddu, Giuseppina Sanna, Dayna Schwartz, Sudipta Biswas, Diana Hardie, Takao Hashiguchi, Anne Moscona, Branka Horvat, Stefan Niewiesk, Matteo Porotto
  • JC Polyomavirus Entry by Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Is Driven by β-Arrestin
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    JC Polyomavirus Entry by Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Is Driven by β-Arrestin

    Viruses usurp cellular factors to invade host cells. Activation and utilization of these proteins upon initiation of viral infection are therefore required for productive infection and resultant viral disease. The majority of healthy individuals are asymptomatically infected by JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), but if the host immune system is compromised, JCPyV can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare, fatal,...

    Colleen L. Mayberry, Ashley N. Soucy, Conner R. Lajoie, Jeanne K. DuShane, Melissa S. Maginnis
  • Regulation of Hepatitis C Virus Infection by Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Proteins through the Modulation of Lipid Droplet Abundance
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    Regulation of Hepatitis C Virus Infection by Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Proteins through the Modulation of Lipid Droplet Abundance

    ATRA, a biologically active metabolite of vitamin A, exerts pleiotropic biological effects, including the activation of both innate and adaptive immunity, thereby serving as a potent antimicrobial compound against numerous viral pathogens. Despite the enrichment of hepatocytes with vitamin A, HCV still establishes an efficient viral life cycle. Here, we discovered that the hepatocellular response to ATRA creates either a proviral or an...

    Bo-Ram Bang, Meng Li, Kuen-Nan Tsai, Haruyo Aoyagi, Shin-Ae Lee, Keigo Machida, Hideki Aizaki, Jae U. Jung, Jing-Hsiung James Ou, Takeshi Saito

Vaccines and Antiviral Agents

  • Blocking HIV-1 Infection by Chromosomal Integrative Expression of Human CD4 on the Surface of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Lactobacillus acidophilus</span> ATCC 4356
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Blocking HIV-1 Infection by Chromosomal Integrative Expression of Human CD4 on the Surface of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356

    In the absence of an effective vaccine, alternative approaches to block HIV-1 infection and transmission with commensal bacteria expressing antiviral proteins are being considered. This report provides a proof-of-concept by using Lactobacillus bacteria stably expressing the HIV-1 receptor CD4 to capture and neutralize HIV-1 in vitro and in a humanized mouse model. The stable expression of antiviral proteins, such as...

    Wenzhong Wei, Joshua Wiggins, Duoyi Hu, Vladimir Vrbanac, Dane Bowder, Michael Mellon, Andrew Tager, Joseph Sodroski, Shi-Hua Xiang
  • Molecular Basis of a Protective/Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Targeting Envelope Proteins of both Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus and Louping Ill Virus
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Molecular Basis of a Protective/Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Targeting Envelope Proteins of both Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus and Louping Ill Virus

    Understanding the mechanism of antibody neutralization/protection against a virus is crucial for antiviral countermeasure development. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and louping ill virus (LIV) are tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFVs) in the family Flaviviridae. They cause encephalomeningitis and encephalitis in humans and other animals. Although vaccines for both viruses are available, infection rates are rising due to low...

    Xu Yang, Jianxun Qi, Ruchao Peng, Lianpan Dai, Ernest A. Gould, George F. Gao, Po Tien
  • Open Access
    Prime-Boost Immunizations with DNA, Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara, and Protein-Based Vaccines Elicit Robust HIV-1 Tier 2 Neutralizing Antibodies against the CAP256 Superinfecting Virus
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Prime-Boost Immunizations with DNA, Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara, and Protein-Based Vaccines Elicit Robust HIV-1 Tier 2 Neutralizing Antibodies against the CAP256 Superinfecting Virus

    A vaccine is urgently needed to combat HIV-1, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, which remains disproportionately affected by the AIDS pandemic and accounts for the majority of new infections and AIDS-related deaths. In this study, two different vaccination regimens were compared. Rabbits that received two DNA primes followed by two modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and two protein inoculations developed better immune responses than...

    Michiel T. van Diepen, Rosamund Chapman, Nicola Douglass, Shireen Galant, Penny L. Moore, Emmanuel Margolin, Phindile Ximba, Lynn Morris, Edward P. Rybicki, Anna-Lise Williamson
  • Arbidol and Other Low-Molecular-Weight Drugs That Inhibit Lassa and Ebola Viruses
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Arbidol and Other Low-Molecular-Weight Drugs That Inhibit Lassa and Ebola Viruses

    Lassa and Ebola viruses continue to cause severe outbreaks in humans, yet there are only limited therapeutic options to treat the deadly hemorrhagic fever diseases they cause. Because of overlapping geographic occurrences and similarities in mode of entry into cells, we seek a practical drug or drug cocktail that could be used to treat infections by both viruses. Toward this goal, we directly compared eight drugs, approved or in...

    C. E. Hulseberg, L. Fénéant, K. M. Szymańska-de Wijs, N. P. Kessler, E. A. Nelson, C. J. Shoemaker, C. S. Schmaljohn, S. J. Polyak, J. M. White

Pathogenesis and Immunity

  • Differential Antibody-Based Immune Response against Isolated GP1 Receptor-Binding Domains from Lassa and Junín Viruses
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Differential Antibody-Based Immune Response against Isolated GP1 Receptor-Binding Domains from Lassa and Junín Viruses

    Some viruses that belong to the Arenaviridae family, like Lassa and Junín viruses, are notorious human pathogens, which may lead to fatal outcomes when they infect people. It is thus important to develop means to combat these viruses. For developing effective vaccines, it is vital to understand the basic mechanisms that these viruses utilize in order to evade or overcome host immune responses. It was previously noted that the...

    Aliza Borenstein-Katz, Anastasiya Shulman, Hedva Hamawi, Orith Leitner, Ron Diskin
  • Broad Hemagglutinin-Specific Memory B Cell Expansion by Seasonal Influenza Virus Infection Reflects Early-Life Imprinting and Adaptation to the Infecting Virus
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Broad Hemagglutinin-Specific Memory B Cell Expansion by Seasonal Influenza Virus Infection Reflects Early-Life Imprinting and Adaptation to the Infecting Virus

    Rapid and vigorous virus-specific antibody responses to influenza virus infection and vaccination result from activation of preexisting virus-specific memory B cells (MBCs). Understanding the effects of different forms of influenza virus exposure on MBC populations is therefore an important guide to the development of effective immunization strategies. We demonstrate that exposure to the influenza hemagglutinin via natural infection...

    Brenda L. Tesini, Preshetha Kanagaiah, Jiong Wang, Megan Hahn, Jessica L. Halliley, Francisco A. Chaves, Phuong Q. T. Nguyen, Aitor Nogales, Marta L. DeDiego, Christopher S. Anderson, Ali H. Ellebedy, Shirin Strohmeier, Florian Krammer, Hongmei Yang, Sanjukta Bandyopadhyay, Rafi Ahmed, John J. Treanor, Luis Martinez-Sobrido, Hana Golding, Surender Khurana, Martin S. Zand, David J. Topham, Mark Y. Sangster
  • Early Human B Cell Response to Ebola Virus in Four U.S. Survivors of Infection
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Early Human B Cell Response to Ebola Virus in Four U.S. Survivors of Infection

    The pathogenesis of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans is complex, and the mechanisms contributing to immunity are poorly understood. In particular, it appears that the quality and magnitude of the human B cell response early after recovery from EVD may be reduced compared to most viral infections. Here, we isolated human monoclonal antibodies from B cells of four survivors of EVD at 1 or 3 months after hospital discharge. Ebola-...

    Lauren E. Williamson, Andrew I. Flyak, Nurgun Kose, Robin Bombardi, Andre Branchizio, Srikar Reddy, Edgar Davidson, Benjamin J. Doranz, Marnie L. Fusco, Erica O. Saphire, Peter J. Halfmann, Yoshihiro Kawaoka, Ashley E. Piper, Pamela J. Glass, James E. Crowe
  • Conserved Gammaherpesvirus Protein Kinase Selectively Promotes Irrelevant B Cell Responses
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Conserved Gammaherpesvirus Protein Kinase Selectively Promotes Irrelevant B Cell Responses

    Gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous cancer-associated pathogens that usurp the B cell differentiation process to establish life-long latent infection in memory B cells. A unique feature of early gammaherpesvirus infection is the robust increase in differentiation of B cells that are not specific for viral antigens and instead encode antibodies that react with self-antigens and antigens of other species. Viral mechanisms that are involved...

    Eric J. Darrah, Christopher N. Jondle, Kaitlin E. Johnson, Gang Xin, Philip T. Lange, Weiguo Cui, Horatiu Olteanu, Vera L. Tarakanova
  • Zika Virus Infection in <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Tupaia belangeri</span> Causes Dermatological Manifestations and Confers Protection against Secondary Infection
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Zika Virus Infection in Tupaia belangeri Causes Dermatological Manifestations and Confers Protection against Secondary Infection

    The reemergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused a global public health crisis since 2016, and there are currently no vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat ZIKV infection. However, considerable advances have been made in understanding the biology and pathogenesis of ZIKV infection. In particular, various animal models have been successfully established to mimic ZIKV infection and its associated neurological diseases and to...

    Na-Na Zhang, Li Zhang, Yong-Qiang Deng, Yue Feng, Feng Ma, Qi Wang, Qing Ye, Yuanyuan Han, Xiaomei Sun, Fu-Chun Zhang, Xiaopeng Qi, Guoqing Wang, Jiejie Dai, Xueshan Xia, Cheng-Feng Qin
  • Coronavirus Endoribonuclease Activity in Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Suppresses Type I and Type III Interferon Responses
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Coronavirus Endoribonuclease Activity in Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Suppresses Type I and Type III Interferon Responses

    Coronaviruses (CoVs) can emerge from an animal reservoir into a naive host species to cause pandemic respiratory or gastrointestinal diseases with significant mortality in humans or domestic animals. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), an alphacoronavirus (alpha-CoV), infects gut epithelial cells and macrophages, inducing diarrhea and resulting in high mortality in piglets. How PEDV suppresses the innate immune response was unknown...

    Xufang Deng, Albert van Geelen, Alexandra C. Buckley, Amornrat O’Brien, Angela Pillatzki, Kelly M. Lager, Kay S. Faaberg, Susan C. Baker
  • Open Access
    The Pseudoknot Region of the 5′ Untranslated Region Is a Determinant of Viral Tropism and Virulence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    The Pseudoknot Region of the 5′ Untranslated Region Is a Determinant of Viral Tropism and Virulence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

    This study demonstrates that the deletion in the PK region occurred naturally in the FMDV genome. The isolated O/ME-SA/PanAsia lineage FMDV with an 86-nt deletion in the PK region showed a pig-adapted characteristic that could cause clinical signs in swine but not bovines. Compared to the wild-type FMDV strain, which possesses full infection capacity in both swine and bovines, the recombinant virus with the 86-nt deletion in the PK...

    Zixiang Zhu, Fan Yang, Weijun Cao, Huanan Liu, Keshan Zhang, Hong Tian, Wen Dang, Jijun He, Jianhong Guo, Xiangtao Liu, Haixue Zheng
  • Open Access
    Assessing the Protective Potential of H1N1 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Head and Stalk Antibodies in Humans
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Assessing the Protective Potential of H1N1 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Head and Stalk Antibodies in Humans

    Abs targeting the HA head of influenza viruses are often associated with protection from influenza virus infections. These Abs typically have limited breadth, since mutations frequently arise in HA head epitopes. New vaccines targeting the more conserved HA stalk domain are being developed. Abs that target the HA stalk are protective in animal models, but it is unknown if these Abs exist at protective levels in humans. Here, we...

    Shannon R. Christensen, Sushila A. Toulmin, Trevor Griesman, Lois E. Lamerato, Joshua G. Petrie, Emily T. Martin, Arnold S. Monto, Scott E. Hensley
  • Open Access
    Infectious Herpes Simplex Virus in the Brain Stem Is Correlated with Reactivation in the Trigeminal Ganglia
    Pathogenesis and Immunity | Spotlight
    Infectious Herpes Simplex Virus in the Brain Stem Is Correlated with Reactivation in the Trigeminal Ganglia

    Latent herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA has been detected in the central nervous systems (CNS) of humans postmortem, and infection with HSV has been correlated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether HSV can directly reactivate in the CNS and/or infectious virus can be transported to the CNS following reactivation in peripheral ganglia has been unclear. In this study, infectious virus was recovered from both...

    Jessica R. Doll, Richard L. Thompson, Nancy M. Sawtell

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Journal of Virology: 93 (8)

In This Issue

volume 93, issue 8
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  • Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus
  • COVID-19 Vaccines: “Warp Speed” Needs Mind Melds, Not Warped Minds
  • Nucleocapsid Protein Recruitment to Replication-Transcription Complexes Plays a Crucial Role in Coronaviral Life Cycle
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