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Table of Contents

November 2019; Volume 93,Issue 22

Spotlight

  • Free
    Articles of Significant Interest in This Issue
    Spotlight
    Articles of Significant Interest in This Issue

Structure and Assembly

  • Structural Dynamics of Nonenveloped Virus Disassembly Intermediates
    Structure and Assembly
    Structural Dynamics of Nonenveloped Virus Disassembly Intermediates

    Disassembly or uncoating of an icosahedral capsid is a crucial step during infection by nonenveloped viruses. However, the dynamic and transient nature of the disassembly process makes it challenging to isolate intermediates in a temporal, stepwise manner for structural characterization. Using controlled, incremental heating, we isolated two disassembly intermediates: “eluted particles” and “puffed particles” of an insect nodavirus,...

    Kimi Azad, Manidipa Banerjee
  • Biological Characterization of Conserved Residues within the Cytoplasmic Tail of the Pichinde Arenaviral Glycoprotein Subunit 2 (GP2)
    Structure and Assembly
    Biological Characterization of Conserved Residues within the Cytoplasmic Tail of the Pichinde Arenaviral Glycoprotein Subunit 2 (GP2)

    Several arenaviruses, such as Lassa virus (LASV), can cause severe and lethal hemorrhagic fever diseases with high mortality and morbidity, for which no FDA-approved vaccines or therapeutics are available. Viral entry is mediated by the arenavirus GP complex, which consists of the stable signal peptide (SSP), the receptor-binding subunit GP1, and the transmembrane subunit GP2. The cytoplasmic tail (CT) of GP2 is highly conserved among...

    Junjie Shao, Qinfeng Huang, Xiaoying Liu, Da Di, Mythili Dileepan, Morgan Brisse, Hinh Ly, Yuying Liang

Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression

  • Tyr82 Amino Acid Mutation in PB1 Polymerase Induces an Influenza Virus Mutator Phenotype
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    Tyr82 Amino Acid Mutation in PB1 Polymerase Induces an Influenza Virus Mutator Phenotype

    Influenza A virus rapidly acquires antigenic changes and antiviral drug resistance, which limit the effectiveness of vaccines and drug treatments, primarily owing to its high rate of evolution. Virus populations formed by quasispecies can contain resistance mutations even before a selective pressure is applied. To study the effects of the viral mutation spectrum and quasispecies, high- and low-fidelity variants have been isolated for...

    Tadasuke Naito, Kazumasa Shirai, Kotaro Mori, Hidetaka Muratsu, Hiroshi Ushirogawa, Ryosuke L. Ohniwa, Kousuke Hanada, Mineki Saito
  • Open Access
    Persistence of Hepatitis B Virus DNA and the Tempos between Virion Secretion and Genome Maturation in a Mouse Model
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    Persistence of Hepatitis B Virus DNA and the Tempos between Virion Secretion and Genome Maturation in a Mouse Model

    Chronic infection with human hepatitis B virus (HBV) could lead to cirrhosis and hepatoma. At present, there is no effective treatment to eradicate the virus from patients. HBV in chronic carriers does not exist as a single homogeneous population. The most frequent naturally occurring mutation in HBV core protein occurs at amino acid 97, changing an isoleucine to leucine (I97L). One dogma in the field is that only virions containing a...

    Szu-Yao Wu, Ya-Shu Chang, Tien-Hua Chu, Chiaho Shih

Genetic Diversity and Evolution

  • DNA Packaging and Genomics of the <em>Salmonella</em> 9NA-Like Phages
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    DNA Packaging and Genomics of the Salmonella 9NA-Like Phages

    The 9NA-like phages are clearly highly related to each other but are not closely related to any other known phage type. This work describes the genomes of three new 9NA-like phages and the results of experimental analysis of the proteome of the 9NA virion and DNA packaging into the 9NA phage head. There is increasing interest in the biology of phages because of their potential for use as antibacterial agents and for their ecological...

    Chi Zeng, Eddie B. Gilcrease, Roger W. Hendrix, Yicheng Xie, Michael J. Jalfon, Jason J. Gill, Sherwood R. Casjens

Virus-Cell Interactions

  • Nir2 Is an Effector of VAPs Necessary for Efficient Hepatitis C Virus Replication and Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate Enrichment at the Viral Replication Organelle
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    Nir2 Is an Effector of VAPs Necessary for Efficient Hepatitis C Virus Replication and Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate Enrichment at the Viral Replication Organelle

    Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known for its ability to modulate phosphoinositide signaling pathways for its replication. Elevated levels of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P] in HCV replication organelles (ROs) recruits lipid transfer proteins (LTPs), like oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP). OSBP exchanges PI(4)P with cholesterol, thus removing PI(4)P from the HCV RO. Here, we found that the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein Nir2...

    Hongliang Wang, Andrew W. Tai
  • The Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor, a Required Host Factor for Recovirus Infection, Is a Putative Enteric Calicivirus Receptor
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    The Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor, a Required Host Factor for Recovirus Infection, Is a Putative Enteric Calicivirus Receptor

    Because of the lack of a simple and robust human norovirus (HuNoV) cell culture system surrogate, caliciviruses still represent valuable research tools for norovirus research. Due to their remarkable biological similarities to HuNoVs, including the utilization of HBGAs as putative attachment receptors, we used rhesus enteric caliciviruses (ReCVs) to study enteric calicivirus host cell interactions. Using CRISPR/Cas9 library screening...

    Tibor Farkas, Kui Yang, Jacques Le Pendu, Joel D. Baines, Rhonda D. Cardin
  • Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen Suppresses RNA Replication of <em>Bamboo Mosaic Virus</em> through an Interaction with the Viral Genome
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen Suppresses RNA Replication of Bamboo Mosaic Virus through an Interaction with the Viral Genome

    Knowing the dynamic interplay between plant RNA viruses and their host is a basic step toward first understanding how the viruses survive the plant defense mechanisms and second gaining knowledge of pathogenic control in the field. This study found that plant proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) imposes a strong inhibition on the replication of several potexviruses, including Bamboo mosaic virus, Foxtail mosaic virus...

    Cheng-Cheng Lee, Jhih-Wei Wang, Wei-Ming Leu, Yu-Ting Huang, Ying-Wen Huang, Yau-Heiu Hsu, Menghsiao Meng
  • Transmembrane Domain Dissociation Is Required for Hendra Virus F Protein Fusogenic Activity
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Transmembrane Domain Dissociation Is Required for Hendra Virus F Protein Fusogenic Activity

    The paramyxovirus Hendra virus (HeV) causes severe respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans. To develop therapeutics for HeV and related viral infections, further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms underlying paramyxovirus fusion events. Knowledge gained in studies of the HeV fusion (F) protein may be applicable to a broad span of enveloped viruses. In this study, we demonstrate that disulfide bonds introduced between...

    Kerri Beth Slaughter, Rebecca Ellis Dutch
  • The Epstein-Barr Virus BMRF1 Protein Activates Transcription and Inhibits the DNA Damage Response by Binding NuRD
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    The Epstein-Barr Virus BMRF1 Protein Activates Transcription and Inhibits the DNA Damage Response by Binding NuRD

    The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BMRF1 protein is critical for EBV infection, playing key roles in viral genome replication, activation of EBV genes, and inhibition of host DNA damage responses (DDRs). Here we show that BMRF1 targets the cellular nucleosome remodeling and deacetylation (NuRD) complex, using a motif in the BMRF1 transcriptional activation sequence. Mutation of this motif disrupts the ability of BMRF1 to activate...

    Samuel G. Salamun, Justine Sitz, Carlos F. De La Cruz-Herrera, Jaime Yockteng-Melgar, Edyta Marcon, Jack Greenblatt, Amelie Fradet-Turcotte, Lori Frappier
  • Interference with SAMHD1 Restores Late Gene Expression of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara in Human Dendritic Cells and Abrogates Type I Interferon Expression
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Interference with SAMHD1 Restores Late Gene Expression of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara in Human Dendritic Cells and Abrogates Type I Interferon Expression

    SAMHD1 is a phosphohydrolase and reduces cellular dNTP concentrations, which impairs poxviral DNA replication. The simian SIV accessory protein Vpx promotes degradation of SAMHD1, leading to increased cellular dNTP concentrations. Vpx addition enables poxviral DNA replication in human dendritic cells (DCs), as well as the expression of viral late proteins, which is normally blocked. SAMHD1 function during modified vaccinia virus Ankara...

    Katja Sliva, Judith Martin, Christine von Rhein, Tobias Herrmann, Anastasia Weyrich, Masako Toda, Barbara S. Schnierle
  • Granzyme B Cleaves Multiple Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Gene Products, and VZV ORF4 Inhibits Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Granzyme B Cleaves Multiple Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Gene Products, and VZV ORF4 Inhibits Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity

    HSV-1 causes oral and genital herpes and establishes life-long latency in sensory ganglia. HSV-1 reactivates multiple times in a person’s life and can cause life-threatening disease in immunocompromised patients. VZV is closely related to HSV-1, causes chickenpox during primary infection, and establishes life-long latency in ganglia, from where it can reactivate to cause herpes zoster (shingles). Unlike HSV-1, VZV only infects humans,...

    Chelsea Gerada, Megan Steain, Tessa Mollie Campbell, Brian McSharry, Barry Slobedman, Allison Abendroth
  • Heat Shock Protein 90 Ensures the Integrity of Rubella Virus p150 Protein and Supports Viral Replication
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Heat Shock Protein 90 Ensures the Integrity of Rubella Virus p150 Protein and Supports Viral Replication

    Accumulating evidence indicates that RNA viruses use numerous host factors during replication of their genomes. However, the host factors involved in rubella virus (RUBV) genome replication are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that the HSP90 molecular chaperone is needed for the efficient replication of the RUBV genome. Further, we reveal that HSP90 interacts with RUBV nonstructural protein p150 and its precursor...

    Masafumi Sakata, Hiroshi Katoh, Noriyuki Otsuki, Kiyoko Okamoto, Yuichiro Nakatsu, Chang-Kweng Lim, Masayuki Saijo, Makoto Takeda, Yoshio Mori
  • Open Access
    Antigenic Pressure on H3N2 Influenza Virus Drift Strains Imposes Constraints on Binding to Sialylated Receptors but Not Phosphorylated Glycans
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    Antigenic Pressure on H3N2 Influenza Virus Drift Strains Imposes Constraints on Binding to Sialylated Receptors but Not Phosphorylated Glycans

    Influenza subtype H3N2 viruses have circulated in humans for over 50 years, continuing to cause annual epidemics. Such viruses have undergone antigenic drift in response to immune pressure, reducing the protective effects of preexisting immunity to previously circulating H3N2 strains. The changes in hemagglutinin (HA) affiliated with drift have implications for the receptor binding properties of these viruses, affecting virus...

    Lauren Byrd-Leotis, Chao Gao, Nan Jia, Akul Y. Mehta, Jessica Trost, Sandra F. Cummings, Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro, Richard D. Cummings, David A. Steinhauer
  • <em>In Vivo</em> Dynamics of Reporter <em>Flaviviridae</em> Viruses
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    In Vivo Dynamics of Reporter Flaviviridae Viruses

    In vivo applications of reporter viruses are necessary to understand viral pathogenesis and provide a robust platform for antiviral development. In developing such applications, determination of an ideal locus to accommodate foreign genes is important, because insertion of foreign genes into irrelevant loci can disrupt the protein functions required for viral replication. Here, we investigated the criteria to determine ideal...

    Tomokazu Tamura, Manabu Igarashi, Bazarragchaa Enkhbold, Tatsuya Suzuki, Masatoshi Okamatsu, Chikako Ono, Hiroyuki Mori, Takuma Izumi, Asuka Sato, Yuzy Fauzyah, Toru Okamoto, Yoshihiro Sakoda, Takasuke Fukuhara, Yoshiharu Matsuura
  • Viral Nonstructural Protein 1 Induces Mitochondrion-Mediated Apoptosis in Mink Enteritis Virus Infection
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Viral Nonstructural Protein 1 Induces Mitochondrion-Mediated Apoptosis in Mink Enteritis Virus Infection

    MEV causes fatal hemorrhagic enteritis in minks. Apoptosis is a cellular mechanism that effectively sacrifices virus-infected cells to maintain homeostasis between the virus and host. In this study, we demonstrated that MEV induces apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, the viral large nonstructural protein NS1 activates p38 MAPK, which leads p53 phosphorylation to mediate the mitochondrial apoptotic...

    Peng Lin, Yuening Cheng, Shanshan Song, Jianming Qiu, Li Yi, Zhigang Cao, Jianrong Li, Shipeng Cheng, Jianke Wang
  • Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protein Plays a Dual Role in WRN-Mediated Repair of Nonhomologous End Joining
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protein Plays a Dual Role in WRN-Mediated Repair of Nonhomologous End Joining

    HCV infection is a worldwide problem of public health and a major contributor to hepatocellular carcinoma. The single-stranded RNA virus with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase experiences a high error rate and develops strategies to escape the immune system and hepatocarcinogenesis. Studies have revealed the involvement of HCV proteins in the impairment of DNA repair. The present study aimed to further elucidate mechanisms by which the viral...

    Tsu-I Chen, Yuan-Kai Hsu, Chia-Yi Chou, Yu-Hsin Chen, Shing-Tzu Hsu, Yan-Shuo Liou, Yu-Ching Dai, Ming-Fu Chang, Shin C. Chang
  • Breast Tumor-Associated Metalloproteases Restrict Reovirus Oncolysis by Cleaving the σ1 Cell Attachment Protein and Can Be Overcome by Mutation of σ1
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    Breast Tumor-Associated Metalloproteases Restrict Reovirus Oncolysis by Cleaving the σ1 Cell Attachment Protein and Can Be Overcome by Mutation of σ1

    We demonstrate that metalloproteases in breast tumor microenvironments can inactivate reovirus. Our findings expose that tumor microenvironment proteases could have a negative impact on proteinaceous cancer therapies, such as reovirus, and that modification of such therapies to circumvent inactivation by tumor metalloproteases merits consideration.

    Jason P. Fernandes, Francisca Cristi, Heather E. Eaton, Patricia Chen, Sarah Haeflinger, Isabelle Bernard, Mary M. Hitt, Maya Shmulevitz

Cellular Response to Infection

  • RNase L Antiviral Activity Is Not a Critical Component of the Oas1b-Mediated Flavivirus Resistance Phenotype
    Cellular Response to Infection
    RNase L Antiviral Activity Is Not a Critical Component of the Oas1b-Mediated Flavivirus Resistance Phenotype

    The mouse genome encodes a family of Oas proteins that synthesize 2′-5′A in response to dsRNA. 2′-5′A activates the endonuclease RNase L to cleave single-stranded viral and cellular RNAs. The inactive, full-length Oas1b protein confers flavivirus-specific disease resistance. Although similar numbers of neurons were infected in resistant and susceptible brains after an intracranial virus infection, viral components amplified only in...

    J. C. Madden, Dan Cui, M. A. Brinton
  • Human Antiviral Protein MxA Forms Novel Metastable Membraneless Cytoplasmic Condensates Exhibiting Rapid Reversible Tonicity-Driven Phase Transitions
    Cellular Response to Infection
    Human Antiviral Protein MxA Forms Novel Metastable Membraneless Cytoplasmic Condensates Exhibiting Rapid Reversible Tonicity-Driven Phase Transitions

    There is a long-standing belief that interferon (IFN)-inducible human myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA), which displays antiviral activity against several RNA and DNA viruses, associates with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus. We provide data to correct this misinterpretation and further report that MxA forms membraneless metastable (shape-changing) condensates in the cytoplasm consisting of variably sized spherical...

    Deodate Davis, Huijuan Yuan, Feng-Xia Liang, Yang-Ming Yang, Jenna Westley, Chris Petzold, Kristen Dancel-Manning, Yan Deng, Joseph Sall, Pravin B. Sehgal

Vaccines and Antiviral Agents

  • Open Access
    A Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1a E1/E2 Envelope Glycoprotein Vaccine Elicits Antibodies That Differentially Neutralize Closely Related 2a Strains through Interactions of the N-Terminal Hypervariable Region 1 of E2 with Scavenger Receptor B1
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    A Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1a E1/E2 Envelope Glycoprotein Vaccine Elicits Antibodies That Differentially Neutralize Closely Related 2a Strains through Interactions of the N-Terminal Hypervariable Region 1 of E2 with Scavenger Receptor B1

    A vaccine is still urgently needed to overcome the hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemic. It is estimated that 1.75 million new HCV infections occur each year, many of which will go undiagnosed and untreated. Untreated HCV can lead to continued spread of the disease, progressive liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually, end-stage liver disease and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previously, our 1a E1/E2 glycoprotein vaccine was shown to...

    Janelle Johnson, Holly Freedman, Michael Logan, Jason Alexander Ji-Xhin Wong, Darren Hockman, Chao Chen, Jianqi He, Michael R. Beard, Nicholas S. Eyre, Thomas F. Baumert, D. Lorne Tyrrell, John L. M. Law, Michael Houghton
  • A Membrane-Anchored Short-Peptide Fusion Inhibitor Fully Protects Target Cells from Infections of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    A Membrane-Anchored Short-Peptide Fusion Inhibitor Fully Protects Target Cells from Infections of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

    Antiretroviral therapy with multiple drugs in combination can efficiently suppress HIV replication and dramatically reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with AIDS-related illness; however, antiretroviral therapy cannot eradiate the HIV reservoirs, and lifelong treatment is required, which often results in cumulative toxicities, drug resistance, and a multitude of complications, thus necessitating the development of sterilizing-...

    Xiaoran Tang, Hongliang Jin, Yue Chen, Li Li, Yuanmei Zhu, Huihui Chong, Yuxian He
  • Peptidoglycan-Associated Cyclic Lipopeptide Disrupts Viral Infectivity
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Peptidoglycan-Associated Cyclic Lipopeptide Disrupts Viral Infectivity

    In this article, we consider a role for bacteria in shaping coronavirus infection. Taking cues from studies of enteric viruses, we initially investigated how bacterial surface components might improve CoV infection. Instead, we found that peptidoglycan-associated surfactin is a potent viricidal compound that disrupts virion integrity with broad activity against enveloped viruses. Our results indicate that interactions with commensal...

    Bryan A. Johnson, Adam Hage, Birte Kalveram, Megan Mears, Jessica A. Plante, Sergio E. Rodriguez, Zhixia Ding, Xuemei Luo, Dennis Bente, Shelton S. Bradrick, Alexander N. Freiberg, Vsevolod Popov, Ricardo Rajsbaum, Shannan Rossi, William K. Russell, Vineet D. Menachery
  • Inclusion of the Viral Pentamer Complex in a Vaccine Design Greatly Improves Protection against Congenital Cytomegalovirus in the Guinea Pig Model
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Inclusion of the Viral Pentamer Complex in a Vaccine Design Greatly Improves Protection against Congenital Cytomegalovirus in the Guinea Pig Model

    Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a leading cause of congenital disease in newborns, and an effective vaccine remains an elusive goal. The guinea pig is the only small-animal model for cCMV. Guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) encodes a glycoprotein pentamer complex (PC) for entry into non-fibroblast cells, including placental trophoblasts, to enable cCMV. As with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), GPCMV uses a specific cell receptor (PDGFRA) for...

    K. Yeon Choi, Nadia S. El-Hamdi, Alistair McGregor

Pathogenesis and Immunity

  • Avian Flavivirus Infection of Monocytes/Macrophages by Extensive Subversion of Host Antiviral Innate Immune Responses
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Avian Flavivirus Infection of Monocytes/Macrophages by Extensive Subversion of Host Antiviral Innate Immune Responses

    Mosquito-borne flaviviruses include a group of pathogenic viruses that cause serious diseases in humans and animals, including dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses. These flaviviruses are zoonotic and use animals, including birds, as amplifying and reservoir hosts. Avian Tembusu virus (TMUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that is pathogenic for many avian species and can infect cells derived from mammals and...

    Yong Ma, Yumeng Liang, Nana Wang, Lu Cui, Zhijie Chen, Hanguang Wu, Chenyang Zhu, Zhitao Wang, Shengwang Liu, Hai Li
  • An Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) Ab4 Open Reading Frame 2 Deletion Mutant Provides Immunity and Protection from EHV-1 Infection and Disease
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    An Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) Ab4 Open Reading Frame 2 Deletion Mutant Provides Immunity and Protection from EHV-1 Infection and Disease

    Nasal equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) shedding is essential for virus transmission during outbreaks. Cell-associated viremia is a prerequisite for the most severe disease outcomes, abortion and equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). Thus, protection from viremia is considered essential for preventing EHM. Ab4ΔORF2 vaccination prevented EHV-1 challenge virus replication in the upper respiratory tract in fully protected horses....

    Christiane L. Schnabel, Susanna Babasyan, Alicia Rollins, Heather Freer, Christine L. Wimer, Gillian A. Perkins, Fahad Raza, Nikolaus Osterrieder, Bettina Wagner
  • Disruption of Type III Interferon (IFN) Genes <em>Ifnl2</em> and <em>Ifnl3</em> Recapitulates Loss of the Type III IFN Receptor in the Mucosal Antiviral Response
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Disruption of Type III Interferon (IFN) Genes Ifnl2 and Ifnl3 Recapitulates Loss of the Type III IFN Receptor in the Mucosal Antiviral Response

    Type III interferons are potent antiviral cytokines important for regulation of viruses that infect at mucosal surfaces. Studies using mice lacking the Ifnlr1 gene encoding the type III interferon receptor have demonstrated that signaling through this receptor is critical for protection against influenza virus, norovirus, and reovirus. Using a genetic approach to disrupt murine type III interferon cytokine genes Ifnl2...

    Stefan T. Peterson, Elizabeth A. Kennedy, Pamela H. Brigleb, Gwen M. Taylor, Kelly Urbanek, Traci L. Bricker, Sanghyun Lee, Haina Shin, Terence S. Dermody, Adrianus C. M. Boon, Megan T. Baldridge
  • The Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Deamidase Enhances Propagation but Is Dispensable for Retrograde Axonal Transport into the Nervous System
    Pathogenesis and Immunity | Spotlight
    The Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Deamidase Enhances Propagation but Is Dispensable for Retrograde Axonal Transport into the Nervous System

    Herpes simplex virus 1 invades the nervous system by entering nerve endings and sustaining long-distance retrograde axonal transport to reach neuronal nuclei in ganglia of the peripheral nervous system. The incoming viral particle carries a deamidase activity on its surface that antagonizes antiviral responses. We examined the contribution of the deamidase to the hallmark neuroinvasive property of this virus.

    Austin M. Stults, Gregory A. Smith
  • Open Access
    Lack of Activation Marker Induction and Chemokine Receptor Switch in Human Neonatal Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Response to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Lack of Activation Marker Induction and Chemokine Receptor Switch in Human Neonatal Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Response to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus

    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes disease early in life and can reinfect symptomatically throughout life without undergoing significant antigenic change. In contrast, reinfection by influenza A virus (IAV) requires antigenic change. The adaptive immune response depends on antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DC). We used myeloid DC (mDC) from cord blood and adult blood donors to evaluate whether immunological immaturity...

    Cyril Le Nouën, Philippa Hillyer, Eric Levenson, Craig Martens, Ronald L. Rabin, Peter L. Collins, Ursula J. Buchholz
  • Nonstructural Protein 11 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Induces STAT2 Degradation To Inhibit Interferon Signaling
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Nonstructural Protein 11 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Induces STAT2 Degradation To Inhibit Interferon Signaling

    PRRSV infection elicits a meager protective immune response in pigs. One of the possible reasons is that PRRSV antagonizes interferon induction and its downstream signaling. Interferons are key components in the innate immunity and play crucial roles against viral infection and in the activation of adaptive immune response via JAK/STAT signaling. STAT2 is indispensable in the JAK/STAT signaling since it is also involved in activation of...

    Liping Yang, Jia He, Rong Wang, Xinheng Zhang, Shaoli Lin, Zexu Ma, Yanjin Zhang
  • CD4 Incorporation into HIV-1 Viral Particles Exposes Envelope Epitopes Recognized by CD4-Induced Antibodies
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    CD4 Incorporation into HIV-1 Viral Particles Exposes Envelope Epitopes Recognized by CD4-Induced Antibodies

    It has been well established that Env-CD4 complexes expose epitopes recognized by commonly elicited CD4-induced antibodies at the surface of HIV-1-infected cells, rendering them vulnerable to ADCC responses. Here, we show that CD4 incorporation has a profound impact on Env conformation at the surface of viral particles. Incorporated CD4 exposes CD4-induced epitopes on Env, rendering HIV-1 susceptible to neutralization by otherwise...

    Shilei Ding, Romain Gasser, Gabrielle Gendron-Lepage, Halima Medjahed, William D. Tolbert, Joseph Sodroski, Marzena Pazgier, Andrés Finzi

Author Correction

  • Free
    Correction for Weisblum et al., “Zika Virus Infects Early- and Midgestation Human Maternal Decidual Tissues, Inducing Distinct Innate Tissue Responses in the Maternal-Fetal Interface”
    Author Correction
    Correction for Weisblum et al., “Zika Virus Infects Early- and Midgestation Human Maternal Decidual Tissues, Inducing Distinct Innate Tissue Responses in the Maternal-Fetal Interface”
    Yiska Weisblum, Esther Oiknine-Djian, Olesya M. Vorontsov, Ronit Haimov-Kochman, Zichria Zakay-Rones, Karen Meir, David Shveiky, Sharona Elgavish, Yuval Nevo, Moshe Roseman, Michal Bronstein, David Stockheim, Ido From, Iris Eisenberg, Aya A. Lewkowicz, Simcha Yagel, Amos Panet, Dana G. Wolf

Retraction

  • Free
    Retraction for Sung and Lai, “Murine Retroviral Pseudotype Virus Containing Hepatitis B Virus Large and Small Surface Antigens Confers Specific Tropism for Primary Human Hepatocytes: a Potential Liver-Specific Targeting System”
    Retraction
    Retraction for Sung and Lai, “Murine Retroviral Pseudotype Virus Containing Hepatitis B Virus Large and Small Surface Antigens Confers Specific Tropism for Primary Human Hepatocytes: a Potential Liver-Specific Targeting System”
    Vicky M.-H. Sung, Michael M. C. Lai

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Journal of Virology: 93 (22)

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volume 93, issue 22
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