Effect of Geographic Isolation on the Nasal Virome of Indigenous Children

Distribution and levels of reads for human viruses within villages. To display the amounts of viral reads in each sample, a bubble chart was generated based on the number of reads for named viruses (BLASTx E scores of <10⁻¹⁰) per 1 million total reads (reads per million [RPM]), with log₁₀ transformation. For example, 10 and 1,000 viral reads in 10⁶ total reads yield values of 1 and 3, respectively.

Phylogenetic analysis of VP4-VP2 region of rhinoviruses inferred using the maximum likelihood method, based on the general time reversible model. A discrete gamma distribution was used to model evolutionary rate differences among sites. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. There were a total of 518 positions in the final data set. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA6. ●, Calabazo nonindigenous (CNI); ▲, Seywiaka indigenous (SI); ■, Umandita indigenous (UI).

Distribution and levels of anellovirus (top) and papillomavirus (bottom) reads within villages. The bubble charts were generated based on the number of reads for named viruses (BLASTx E scores of <10⁻¹⁰) per 1 million total reads (reads per million [RPM]), with log₁₀ transformation.

Phylogenetic analysis of the major capsid (L1) protein of papillomaviruses inferred using the maximum likelihood method, based on the general time reversible model. A discrete gamma distribution was used to model evolutionary rate differences among sites. There were a total of 1,693 positions in the final data set. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA6. ●, Calabazo nonindigenous (CNI); ▲, Seywiaka indigenous (SI); ■, Umandita indigenous (UI).