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Pathogenesis and Immunity

GB Virus C Coinfections in West African Ebola Patients

Michael Lauck, Adam L. Bailey, Kristian G. Andersen, Tony L. Goldberg, Pardis C. Sabeti, David H. O'Connor
G. Silvestri, Editor
Michael Lauck
aDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
bWisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Adam L. Bailey
aDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
bWisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Kristian G. Andersen
cThe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
dCenter for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Tony L. Goldberg
bWisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
eDepartment of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Pardis C. Sabeti
cThe Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
dCenter for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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David H. O'Connor
aDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
bWisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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G. Silvestri
Roles: Editor
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DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02752-14
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    FIG 1

    Ebola virus mortality and GBV-C coinfection status by age.

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  • TABLE 1

    EBOV patients coinfected with GBV-C

    Patient IDSRR ID(s)aNo. of raw GBV-C readsNo. of unique GBV-C readsNo. of EBOV readsPatient outcome
    G3670.11553450191159282,289Discharged
    G3765.21553501, 15535022,1611,7492,490Discharged
    G3789.11553525, 15535263433255,508Discharged
    G37961553529, 155353079,61940,5382,090,829Discharged
    G38191553559, 155355960155433,172Discharged
    G38211553563, 15535644,5294,04799,766Discharged
    G38501553595, 15535967976737,363Discharged
    G37641553499, 155350064555,402,195Died
    G37951553527, 15535282,6717741,005,042Died
    G38081553543, 15535446,4545,515819,166Died
    G38251553569, 1553570, 1553571, 15535725,0934,0692,177,336Died
    G38261553573, 155357429,75227,149867,174Died
    G38451553589, 15535902,7942,1373,377,501Died
    • ↵a SRR, sequencing run.

  • TABLE 2

    EBOV patients not coinfected with GBV-C

    Patient IDSRR IDsaNo. of raw GBV-C readsNo. of unique GBV-C readsNo. of EBOV readsPatient outcome
    G37691553503, 1553504, 1553505, 1553506, 1553507, 1553508, 1553509, 1553510704,218,762Discharged
    G37991553533, 15535342951,160,025Discharged
    G38051553537, 1553538, 1553539, 1553540006,054Discharged
    G38091553545, 15535466011,344Discharged
    G38101553547, 1553548, 1553549, 155355000503,396Discharged
    G38171553555, 155355610920,637Discharged
    G38571553603, 1553604429,115Discharged
    NM0421553605, 1553606, 1553607, 1553608, 1553609, 155361000574,137Discharged
    EM1121553429, 1553430204,495,065Died
    EM1211553439, 1553440003,393,644Died
    EM1241553441, 1553442, 1553443, 1553444, 1553445, 1553446, 1553447, 1553448402,370,521Died
    G36761553451, 1553452, 1553453, 1553454001,753,365Died
    G36771553455, 1553456, 1553457, 1553458202,195,013Died
    G37071553471, 1553472401,848,917Died
    G37131553473, 1553474, 1553475, 1553476, 1553477, 15534784011,650,343Died
    G37241553479, 1553480005,237,956Died
    G37351553485, 1553486, 1553487, 15534880011,945,730Died
    G37521553495, 1553496211,181,649Died
    G37701553511, 1553512, 1553513, 15535141549,932,933Died
    G37981553531, 1553532201,124,997Died
    G38001553535, 155353690890,300Died
    G38071553541, 155354200822,652Died
    G38141553551, 15535520013,286Died
    G38161553553, 15535540010,101Died
    G38181553557, 1553558002,398,770Died
    G38201553561, 1553562201,890,862Died
    G38221553565, 1553566003,417,852Died
    G38231553567, 1553568004,672,245Died
    G38271553575, 155357600657,986Died
    G38291553577, 1553578001,619,423Died
    G38341553581, 155358200646,694Died
    G38381553583, 1553584412,234,396Died
    G38401553585, 1553586002,978,090Died
    G38461553591, 1553592602,829,761Died
    G38481553593, 1553594003,013,745Died
    G38511553597, 155359800393,873Died
    • a SRR, sequencing run.

  • TABLE 3

    Pairwise comparison of percentages of nucleotide identity for GBV-C consensus sequences

    Patient ID% nucleotide identity to GBV-C consensus sequencea:
    G3670.1G3764G3765.2G3789.1G3795G3796G3808G3819G3821G3825G3826G3845G3850
    G3670.1100
    G376490.86100
    G3765.292.4691.36100
    G3789.186.9687.8988.28100
    G379591.3090.9292.7988.11100
    G379691.3690.9792.7988.1198.46100
    G380894.2291.5292.6888.6192.1892.13100
    G381991.3691.4191.3087.3491.1991.0391.03100
    G382192.4692.2492.6388.6192.2492.3592.8591.74100
    G382591.4190.5393.4087.7891.7491.8592.1391.4792.07100
    G382692.0291.8091.8088.7291.4191.6391.6991.6392.5792.07100
    G384590.9791.1492.6387.8995.6095.8291.8590.7592.1891.5291.30100
    G385092.1892.2992.2987.4091.6991.9692.6891.3692.2491.6992.1391.85100
    • ↵a Pairwise comparisons of GBV-C consensus sequences were generated by aligning sequences with ClustalW. After manual adjustment, the percent nucleotide identity was calculated from the resulting 1,800-bp alignment.

  • TABLE 4

    Factors associated with mortality in EBOV+ patientsa

    VariableUnivariate modelMultivariate model
    Odds ratio (95% CI)P valueOdds ratio (95% CI)P value
    Age (yr)1.06 (1.01–1.11)0.01241.09 (1.02–1.16)0.0076
    Sex (male)0.56 (0.16–2.00)0.37350.30 (0.05–1.91)0.2028
    GBV-C+0.25 (0.06–0.94)0.04020.25 (0.05–1.20)0.0835
    • ↵a Analyses are based on 49 patients for whom complete data were available. First-order interaction terms were not statistically significant and are therefore not included. P values are 2-tailed and based on chi-square tests from univariate and multivariate logistic regression, performed using the computer program R (46). Statistically significant P values are shown in bold. CI, confidence interval.

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GB Virus C Coinfections in West African Ebola Patients
Michael Lauck, Adam L. Bailey, Kristian G. Andersen, Tony L. Goldberg, Pardis C. Sabeti, David H. O'Connor
Journal of Virology Jan 2015, 89 (4) 2425-2429; DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02752-14

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GB Virus C Coinfections in West African Ebola Patients
Michael Lauck, Adam L. Bailey, Kristian G. Andersen, Tony L. Goldberg, Pardis C. Sabeti, David H. O'Connor
Journal of Virology Jan 2015, 89 (4) 2425-2429; DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02752-14
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