Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG. 1.
Phylogenetic tree of 25 lyssavirus glycoprotein ectodomain nucleotide sequences. Sequences were aligned using Clustal X2. Trees were produced using a maximum-likelihood algorithm with a GTR+I+Γ4 model; the consensus was generated and is presented with bootstrap values at key nodes. Trees were rooted using WCBV as an outgroup. Isolates are colored by species (Table 1 and Fig. 3).
- FIG. 2.
Amino acid sequence variation map. Viruses are positioned relative to each other using multidimensional scaling and target distances derived from the number of amino acid substitutions between viruses (Table 2). The map is in two dimensions and is oriented and colored according to the antigenic map (Fig. 3). The scale bar represents 50 amino acid (aa) substitutions.
- FIG. 3.
Three-dimensional antigenic map. Viruses (spheres) and sera (open boxes) are positioned such that the distance from each serum to each virus is determined by the neutralization titer. Multidimensional scaling is used to position both sera and viruses relative to each other, so orientation of the map within the axes is free. The scale bar shows one antigenic unit (AU), which is equivalent to a 2-fold dilution in antibody titer. (Viewing was with PyMOL, DeLano Scientific LLC, San Carlos, CA).
- FIG. 4.
Comparison of responses of different species. Target distance derived from titers of rabbit sera (red) (A and B), HRIG (blue) (A), and mouse sera (blue) (B) is shown as a function of antigenic map distance determined only by the rabbit sera. The correlation between rabbit map distance and target distances from sera from other species gives an indication of whether antigenic relationships determined by each species are similar. Correlations between the target distances and rabbit map distances for the mouse sera (r = 0.83 ([95% CI, 0.72 to 0.90]; P < 0.001; residual standard error, 1.09) and HRIG (r = 0.88 [95% CI, 0.55 to 0.97]; P < 0.001; residual standard error, 1.60) are similar to that for the rabbit sera (r = 0.92 [95% CI 0.90 to 0.93]; P < 0.001; residual standard error, 0.82), and neither the slopes (s) nor intercepts (i) of linear models applied to the data are significantly different from those applied to the rabbit data.
- FIG. 5.
Plot of pairwise antigenic and genetic distances between viruses. Antigenic distances are measured from the antigenic map, in antigenic units. Genetic distances between viruses are represented as the number of amino acid substitutions in the glycoprotein ectodomain. The line represents a linear regression model (r2 = 0.67; P < 0.01), which predicts, on average, an antigenic distance change of one antigenic unit, equivalent to a 2-fold change in neutralization titer, per 21 amino acid substitutions (4.8% of the glycoprotein ectodomain).
Tables
- TABLE 1.
Virus panela
Designation Species Host Country Yr isolated Original designation GenBank accession no. CVS-11 RABV —b — — — EU352767 PM RABV — — — — AJ871962 LEP RABV — — — — GU936866 RV51 RABV Fox USA (Michigan) 1986 86-1393 GU936880 RV108 RABV Bat Chile 1985 85/120 GU936868 RV313 RABV Red fox Germany 1990 G1455 GU936875 RV410 RABV Mongoose South Africa 1990 332/90 GU936878 RV437 RABV Raccoon dog Estonia — 269 GU936879 RV1237 RABV Deer Serbia 1999 329/99 GU936869 RV102 RABV Fox Morocco 1988c RV102 GU936867 RV334 RABV Vaccine China (Beijing) — SRFV 289 GU936876 RV1 LBV Bat Nigeria 1956 LBV EF547431 RV4 MOKV Shrew Nigeria 1968 MOKV GU936877 RV131 DUVV Bat Zimbabwe 1986 RS16(Z12) GU936870 RV1423 EBLV1 Bat Germany 1998 934 GU936872 RV20 EBLV1 Bat Denmark 1986 RA552(86) GU936874 RV9 EBLV1 Bat Germany 1968 RV9 EU352768 RV1332 EBLV2 Bat UK 2002 105/02 GU936871 RV628 EBLV2 Bat UK 1996 96/18 GU936882 RV1787 EBLV2 Bat UK 2004 603-04 EU352769 RV634 ABLV Bat Australia 1996 96-0648 GU936883 IRKV — Bat Siberia 2002 — EF614260 KHUV — Bat Tajikistan 2001 — EF614261 ARAV — Bat Kyrgyzstan 1991 — EF614259 WCBV — Bat Russia 2002 — EF614258 ↵ a Abbreviations: CVS, challenge virus standard; LEP, Flury low egg passage; PM, Pittman Moore; RABV, rabies virus; LBV, Lagos bat virus; MOKV, Mokola virus; DUVV, Duvenhage virus; EBLV, European bat lyssavirus; ABLV, Australian bat lyssavirus; IRKV, Irkut virus; KHUV, Khujand virus; ARAV, Aravan virus; WCBV, West Caucasian bat virus.
↵ b —, data not available.
↵ c Year first passaged.
- TABLE 2.
Intergenotype antigenic and glycoprotein amino acid distances
Virus Distancea from: CVS-11 RABV LBV MOKV DUVV EBLV1 EBLV2 ABLV IRKV KHUV ARAV WCBV CVS-11 5.1 7.4 8.5 7.1 8.9 5.0 4.5 7.8 4.6 5.4 13.1 RABV 30 9.3 7.1 8.3 5.9 4.7 1.6 4.5 2.2 5.1 8.3 LBV 162 159 6.6 12.4 13.0 9.0 8.8 10.3 8.2 8.3 14.2 MOKV 162 160 87 14.1 12.1 9.9 7.5 9.3 7.3 9.6 9.1 DUVV 101 101 167 168 6.6 4.7 7.3 7.7 7.3 5.4 15.4 EBLV1 101 99 161 160 72 4.8 5.3 3.3 5.4 5.2 9.8 EBLV2 86 84 164 166 71 71 3.4 3.9 3.1 1.5 11.5 ABLV 74 72 155 161 92 84 65 3.8 0.9 3.8 9.0 IRKV 113 111 158 156 92 71 87 102 3.4 3.7 8.2 KHUV 79 76 165 168 78 71 39 59 85 3.2 9.1 ARAV 87 85 159 164 69 52 50 69 79 51 11.4 WCBV 197 200 182 192 201 196 198 195 197 198 195 ↵ a The antigenic distance (in antigenic units) measured from the antigenic map is shown above the diagonal. The number of amino acid substitutions in the glycoprotein ectodomain is shown below the diagonal. Where there are multiple representatives for each genotype on the antigenic map, the mean antigenic distance and number of amino acid substitutions are given.
