Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG. 1.
TNF-α induction in SJPL cells infected with human influenza viruses. The TNF-α concentration was measured in supernatant medium of confluent SJPL cells infected with three human influenza viruses in the presence of TPCK-trypsin at the indicated times after infection. Each concentration shown is the mean of three independent experiments; the standard error was <4 pg/ml. Symbols: ▵, A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2); ▪, B/Sichuan/379/99; ⋄, A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1).
- FIG. 2.
Virus dose-dependent induction of TNF-α in SJPL cells. The effect of virus dose on TNF-α expression was assessed by measuring TNF-α concentration in the supernatant medium of SJPL cells 24 h after infection with the indicated doses of A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2) influenza virus in the presence of 1 μg of TPCK-trypsin per ml. Each concentration shown is the mean of three independent experiments.
- FIG. 3.
Induction of TNF-α expression by different subtypes of influenza virus. The concentration of TNF-α was measured in the supernatant medium of SJPL cells 24 h after infection with the indicated subtypes of influenza virus (MOI, 2). Each concentration shown is the mean of three independent experiments.
- FIG. 4.
TNF-α exerts antiviral activity against human influenza viruses. SJPL cells were treated with recombinant swine TNF-α (100 ng/ml) for 24 h before infection in the presence of TPCK-trypsin, and the virus titer was measured in the supernatant medium 72 h after infection. Values are the means of three independent experiments. Symbols: ▪, TNF-α treated; □, untreated.
- FIG. 5.
Dose-dependent inhibition of viral replication. SJPL cells were treated with the indicated doses of recombinant swine TNF-α before infection with A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) human influenza virus. Virus titer was measured in the supernatant medium 72 h after infection. Values are the means of three independent experiments.
- FIG. 6.
TNF-α antiviral activity against avian and swine influenza viruses. Treated (100 ng/ml) SJPL cells were infected with avian or swine influenza viruses. Virus titer was measured in the supernatant medium 72 h after infection. Values are the means of three independent experiments. Symbols: ▪, TNF-α treated; □, untreated.
- FIG. 7.
Comparison of anti-influenza virus activity of cytokines. SJPL cells were treated with the indicated doses of recombinant swine TNF-α, IFN-γ, or IFN-α 24 h before infection with A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) influenza virus (MOI, 0.0001). Virus titers were measured 72 h after infection. Values are the means of three independent experiments.
