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Most read article(s)

  • Free
    Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus

    The recent emergence of Wuhan coronavirus (2019-nCoV) puts the world on alert. 2019-nCoV is reminiscent of the SARS-CoV outbreak in 2002 to 2003. Our decade-long structural studies on the receptor recognition by SARS-CoV have identified key interactions between SARS-CoV spike protein and its host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which regulate both the cross-species and human-to-human transmissions of SARS-CoV. One of...

    Yushun Wan, Jian Shang, Rachel Graham, Ralph S. Baric, Fang Li
  • Open Access
    COVID-19 Vaccines: “Warp Speed” Needs Mind Melds, Not Warped Minds
    Minireview
    COVID-19 Vaccines: “Warp Speed” Needs Mind Melds, Not Warped Minds

    In this review, we address issues that relate to the rapid “Warp Speed” development of vaccines to counter the COVID-19 pandemic. We review the antibody response that is triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection of humans and how it may inform vaccine research. The isolation and properties of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from COVID-19 patients provide additional information on what...

    John P. Moore, P. J. Klasse
  • Nucleocapsid Protein Recruitment to Replication-Transcription Complexes Plays a Crucial Role in Coronaviral Life Cycle
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    Nucleocapsid Protein Recruitment to Replication-Transcription Complexes Plays a Crucial Role in Coronaviral Life Cycle

    CoVs have long been regarded as relatively harmless pathogens for humans. Severe respiratory tract infection outbreaks caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV, however, have caused high pathogenicity and mortality rates in humans. These outbreaks highlighted the relevance of being able to control CoV infections. We used a model CoV, MHV, to investigate the importance of the recruitment of...

    Yingying Cong, Mustafa Ulasli, Hein Schepers, Mario Mauthe, Philip V’kovski, Franziska Kriegenburg, Volker Thiel, Cornelis A. M. de Haan, Fulvio Reggiori
  • Molecular Mechanism for Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Coronavirus Entry
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Molecular Mechanism for Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Coronavirus Entry

    Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of viral entry has been observed for many viruses. It was shown that antibodies target one serotype of viruses but only subneutralize another, leading to ADE of the latter viruses. Here we identify a novel mechanism for ADE: a neutralizing antibody binds to the surface spike protein of coronaviruses like a viral receptor, triggers a conformational change of the spike, and mediates viral entry into...

    Yushun Wan, Jian Shang, Shihui Sun, Wanbo Tai, Jing Chen, Qibin Geng, Lei He, Yuehong Chen, Jianming Wu, Zhengli Shi, Yusen Zhou, Lanying Du, Fang Li
  • Free
    The Nucleocapsid Protein of SARS–CoV-2: a Target for Vaccine Development
    Letter to the Editor
    The Nucleocapsid Protein of SARS–CoV-2: a Target for Vaccine Development
    Noton K. Dutta, Kaushiki Mazumdar, James T. Gordy
  • Free
    The Inhaled Steroid Ciclesonide Blocks SARS-CoV-2 RNA Replication by Targeting the Viral Replication-Transcription Complex in Cultured Cells
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    The Inhaled Steroid Ciclesonide Blocks SARS-CoV-2 RNA Replication by Targeting the Viral Replication-Transcription Complex in Cultured Cells

    The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, is ongoing. New and effective antiviral agents that combat the disease are needed urgently. Here, we found that an inhaled corticosteroid, ciclesonide, suppresses the replication of coronaviruses, including betacoronaviruses (murine hepatitis virus type 2 [MHV-2], MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) and an alphacoronavirus (human coronavirus 229E [HCoV-229E]), in cultured cells....

    Shutoku Matsuyama, Miyuki Kawase, Naganori Nao, Kazuya Shirato, Makoto Ujike, Wataru Kamitani, Masayuki Shimojima, Shuetsu Fukushi
  • Open Access
    Human Leukocyte Antigen Susceptibility Map for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    Human Leukocyte Antigen Susceptibility Map for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

    Individual genetic variation may help to explain different immune responses to a virus across a population. In particular, understanding how variation in HLA may affect the course of COVID-19 could help identify individuals at higher risk from the disease. HLA typing can be fast and inexpensive. Pairing HLA typing with COVID-19 testing where feasible could improve assessment of severity of viral disease in the population. Following the...

    Austin Nguyen, Julianne K. David, Sean K. Maden, Mary A. Wood, Benjamin R. Weeder, Abhinav Nellore, Reid F. Thompson
  • Free
    Isolation and Full-Length Genome Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 from COVID-19 Cases in Northern Italy
    Letter to the Editor
    Isolation and Full-Length Genome Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 from COVID-19 Cases in Northern Italy
    Danilo Licastro, Sreejith Rajasekharan, Simeone Dal Monego, Ludovica Segat, Pierlanfranco D’Agaro, Alessandro Marcello
    and The Regione FVG Laboratory Group on COVID-19
  • Free
    Metabolic Syndrome and Viral Pathogenesis: Lessons from Influenza and Coronaviruses
    Gem
    Metabolic Syndrome and Viral Pathogenesis: Lessons from Influenza and Coronaviruses

    Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of severe disease due to viral infection. Yet few studies have assessed the pathogenesis of respiratory viruses in high-risk populations. Here, we summarize how metabolic dysregulation impairs immune responses, and we define the role of metabolism during influenza virus and coronavirus infections. We also discuss the use of various in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models to...

    Maria Smith, Rebekah Honce, Stacey Schultz-Cherry
  • Free
    Type I and Type III Interferons Restrict SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Human Airway Epithelial Cultures
    Cellular Response to Infection
    Type I and Type III Interferons Restrict SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Human Airway Epithelial Cultures

    The current pandemic of respiratory illness, COVID-19, is caused by a recently emerged coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2. This virus infects airway and lung cells causing fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath. Severe cases of COVID-19 can result in lung damage, low blood oxygen levels, and even death. As there are currently no vaccines approved for use in humans, studies of the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection are urgently needed. Our...

    Abigail Vanderheiden, Philipp Ralfs, Tatiana Chirkova, Amit A. Upadhyay, Matthew G. Zimmerman, Shamika Bedoya, Hadj Aoued, Gregory M. Tharp, Kathryn L. Pellegrini, Candela Manfredi, Eric Sorscher, Bernardo Mainou, Jenna L. Lobby, Jacob E. Kohlmeier, Anice C. Lowen, Pei-Yong Shi, Vineet D. Menachery, Larry J. Anderson, Arash Grakoui, Steven E. Bosinger, Mehul S. Suthar

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