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  • In-Tree Behavior of Viruses Harbored in C. parasitica
    In-Tree Behavior of Viruses Harbored in C. parasitica
  • DWV-B Infection of Varroa destructor Mites
    DWV-B Infection of Varroa destructor Mites
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Spotlight

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    Articles of Significant Interest in This Issue
    Spotlight
    Articles of Significant Interest in This Issue

Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression

  • Interdomain Flexibility of Chikungunya Virus nsP2 Helicase-Protease Differentially Influences Viral RNA Replication and Infectivity
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    Interdomain Flexibility of Chikungunya Virus nsP2 Helicase-Protease Differentially Influences Viral RNA Replication and Infectivity

    CHIKV nsP2 plays multiple roles in viral RNA replication and virus-host interactions. The helicase and protease regions of nsP2 are connected through a short linker.

    Yee-Song Law, Sainan Wang, Yaw Bia Tan, Orion Shih, Age Utt, Wei Yang Goh, Bing-Jun Lian, Ming Wei Chen, U-Ser Jeng, Andres Merits, Dahai Luo
  • In-Tree Behavior of Diverse Viruses Harbored in the Chestnut Blight Fungus, <em>Cryphonectria parasitica</em>
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    In-Tree Behavior of Diverse Viruses Harbored in the Chestnut Blight Fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica

    The ascomycete Cryphonectria parasitica causes destructive chestnut blight, which is controllable by hypovirulence-conferring viruses infecting the fungus. The tripartite chestnut/C. parasitica/virus pathosystem involves the dynamic interactions of their genetic elements, i.e., virus transmission and lateral transfer of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes between fungal strains via anastomosis occurring in trees.

    ...
    Nobuhiro Suzuki, Carolina Cornejo, Annisa Aulia, Sabitree Shahi, Bradley I. Hillman, Daniel Rigling
  • Open Access
    Increased Proviral DNA in Circulating Cells Correlates with Plasma Viral Rebound in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques after Antiretroviral Therapy Interruption
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    Increased Proviral DNA in Circulating Cells Correlates with Plasma Viral Rebound in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques after Antiretroviral Therapy Interruption

    Viral reservoirs are involved in persistent HIV infection, and a small number of mosaic latent cellular reservoirs promote viral rebound upon analytical treatment interruption, which is the major obstacle to a cure. However, early indicators that can predict resurgence of viremia after treatment interruption may aid treatment decisions in people living with HIV.

    Widade Ziani, Jiasheng Shao, Xiaolei Wang, Kasi Russell-Lodrigue, Yao-Zhong Liu, Luis J. Montaner, Ronald S. Veazey, Huanbin Xu
  • Differential Splicing of Human Adenovirus 5 E1A RNA Expressed in <em>cis</em> versus in <em>trans</em>
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    Differential Splicing of Human Adenovirus 5 E1A RNA Expressed in cis versus in trans

    Human adenovirus has become an important tool for medicine and research, and 293 cells and various similar cell lines are used extensively for virus production in situations where high viral yields are important. Such complementing cell lines are used for the production of viral vectors and vaccines, which often have deletions and replacements in various viral genes.

    Drayson Graves, Nikolas Akkerman, Scott Bachus, Peter Pelka
  • Relative DNA Methylation and Demethylation Efficiencies during Postnatal Liver Development Regulate Hepatitis B Virus Biosynthesis
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    Relative DNA Methylation and Demethylation Efficiencies during Postnatal Liver Development Regulate Hepatitis B Virus Biosynthesis

    HBV biosynthesis begins at birth and increases during early postnatal liver development in the HBV transgenic mouse model of chronic infection. The levels of viral RNA and DNA synthesis correlate with pioneer transcription factor FoxA transcript plus Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase-generated 5hmC abundance but inversely with Dnmt transcript levels and HBV DNA methylation.

    Claudia E. Oropeza, Grant Tarnow, Taha Y. Taha, Rasha E. Shalaby, Marieta V. Hyde, Mark Maienschein-Cline, Stefan J. Green, Alan McLachlan
  • Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Processivity Factor, ORF59, Binds to Canonical and Linker Histones, and Its Carboxy Terminus Is Dispensable for Viral DNA Synthesis
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Processivity Factor, ORF59, Binds to Canonical and Linker Histones, and Its Carboxy Terminus Is Dispensable for Viral DNA Synthesis

    Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic virus and the causative agent of potentially fatal malignancies. Lytic replication of KSHV is an essential part of the viral life cycle, allowing for virus dissemination within the infected host and shedding to infect naive hosts.

    Isaura Vanessa Gutierrez, Poulomee Sarkar, Cyprian C. Rossetto

Genetic Diversity and Evolution

  • Open Access
    Genome Number and Size Polymorphism in Zika Virus Infectious Units
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    Genome Number and Size Polymorphism in Zika Virus Infectious Units

    The arthropod-borne Zika virus (ZIKV) infects humans and can cause severe neurological sequelae, particularly in fetuses infected in utero. How this virus has been able to spread across vast geological ranges and evolve in new host populations is not yet understood.

    Nicole R. Sexton, Eric D. Bellis, Reyes A. Murrieta, Mark Cole Spangler, Parker J. Cline, James Weger-Lucarelli, Gregory D. Ebel

Virus-Cell Interactions

  • Encephalomyocarditis Virus Abrogates the Interferon Beta Signaling Pathway via Its Structural Protein VP2
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Encephalomyocarditis Virus Abrogates the Interferon Beta Signaling Pathway via Its Structural Protein VP2

    Encephalomyocarditis virus is an important pathogen that can cause encephalitis, myocarditis, neurological diseases, and reproductive disorders. It also causes huge economic losses for the swine industry worldwide.

    Yumei Han, Jingying Xie, Shujuan Xu, Yingjie Bi, Xiangrong Li, Haixia Zhang, Adi Idris, Jialin Bai, Ruofei Feng
  • Induction of HOX Genes by Hepatitis C Virus Infection via Impairment of Histone H2A Monoubiquitination
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Induction of HOX Genes by Hepatitis C Virus Infection via Impairment of Histone H2A Monoubiquitination

    Recently sustained virologic response can be achieved by direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy in most hepatitis C patients. Unfortunately, DAA therapy does not completely eliminate a risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

    Hirotake Kasai, Kazuki Mochizuki, Tomohisa Tanaka, Atsuya Yamashita, Yoshiharu Matsuura, Kohji Moriishi
  • Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 V Protein Modulates Iron Homeostasis
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 V Protein Modulates Iron Homeostasis

    hPIV-2 V protein interferes with interaction between FTH1 and NCOA4 and inhibits NCOA4-mediated ferritin degradation, leading to the inhibition of iron release to the cytoplasm. This iron homeostasis modulation allows infected cells to avoid apoptotic cell death, resulting in effective growth of hPIV-2.

    Keisuke Ohta, Naoki Saka, Machiko Nishio
  • Open Access
    Host Range of Influenza A Virus H1 to H16 in Eurasian Ducks Based on Tissue and Receptor Binding Studies
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Host Range of Influenza A Virus H1 to H16 in Eurasian Ducks Based on Tissue and Receptor Binding Studies

    Influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in wild birds worldwide. From wild birds, the viruses can cause outbreaks in poultry and sporadically and indirectly infect humans.

    Josanne H. Verhagen, Per Eriksson, Lonneke Leijten, Ola Blixt, Björn Olsen, Jonas Waldenström, Patrik Ellström, Thijs Kuiken
  • The ESCRT-I Subunit Tsg101 Plays Novel Dual Roles in Entry and Replication of Classical Swine Fever Virus
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    The ESCRT-I Subunit Tsg101 Plays Novel Dual Roles in Entry and Replication of Classical Swine Fever Virus

    CSF, caused by CSFV, is a World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) notifiable disease and causes significant financial losses to the pig industry globally. The ESCRT machinery plays an important regulatory role in several members of the genera Flavivirus and Hepacivirus within the family Flaviviridae, such as hepatitis C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and dengue virus.

    Chun-chun Liu, Ya-yun Liu, Yan Cheng, Yun-Na Zhang, Jin Zhang, Xiao-Dong Liang, Ya Gao, Huan Chen, Abdul Sattar Baloch, Qian Yang, Yun Young Go, Bin Zhou
  • Inducible Guanylate-Binding Protein 7 Facilitates Influenza A Virus Replication by Suppressing Innate Immunity via NF-κB and JAK-STAT Signaling Pathways
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Inducible Guanylate-Binding Protein 7 Facilitates Influenza A Virus Replication by Suppressing Innate Immunity via NF-κB and JAK-STAT Signaling Pathways

    So far, few studies have mentioned the distinct function of guanylate-binding protein 7 (GBP7) on virus infection. Here, we reported that GBP7 expression was significantly upregulated in the lungs of mice, human PBMCs, and A549 cells during IAV infection.

    Mingkai Feng, Qiao Zhang, Wenjiao Wu, Lizhu Chen, Shuyin Gu, Yilu Ye, Yingyuan Zhong, Qi Huang, Shuwen Liu
  • Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals a Heterogeneous Cellular Response to BK Virus Infection
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals a Heterogeneous Cellular Response to BK Virus Infection

    The outcome of viral infection is determined by the ability of the virus to redirect cellular systems toward progeny production countered by the ability of the cell to block these viral actions. Thus, an infected culture consists of thousands of cells, each fighting its own individual battle.

    Ping An, Paul G. Cantalupo, Wenshan Zheng, Maria Teresa Sáenz-Robles, Alexis M. Duray, David Weitz, James M. Pipas
  • A PolyQ Membrane Protein of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Vibrio cholerae</span> Acts as the Receptor for Phage Infection
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    A PolyQ Membrane Protein of Vibrio cholerae Acts as the Receptor for Phage Infection

    Receptor recognition and binding by bacteriophage are the first step for its infection of bacterial cells. In this study, we found the Vibrio cholerae subtyping phage VP1 uses a polyQ protein named VcpQ (V. cholerae polyQ protein) as the receptor for VP1 infection.

    Fenxia Fan, Zhenpeng Li, Jiazheng Wang, Baowei Diao, Weili Liang, Biao Kan
  • Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate Mediates the Establishment of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Replication Complexes in Association with Early Endosomes
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate Mediates the Establishment of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Replication Complexes in Association with Early Endosomes

    Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infects chicks and is the causative agent of Gumboro disease. During IBDV outbreaks in recent decades, the emergence of very virulent variants and the lack of effective prevention/treatment strategies to fight this disease have had devastating consequences for the poultry...

    María Cecilia Gimenez, Mariam Issa, Javal Sheth, María Isabel Colombo, Mauricio R. Terebiznik, Laura R. Delgui
  • Roles of Cholesterol in Early and Late Steps of the Nipah Virus Membrane Fusion Cascade
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Roles of Cholesterol in Early and Late Steps of the Nipah Virus Membrane Fusion Cascade

    Cholesterol has been implicated in various steps of the viral life cycle for different enveloped viruses. Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic enveloped virus in the Henipavirus genus within the Paramyxoviridae family, capable of causing a high mortality rate in humans and high morbidity in domestic and agriculturally important animals.

    Erik M. Contreras, Gunner P. Johnston, David W. Buchholz, Victoria Ortega, I. Abrrey Monreal, J. Lizbeth R. Zamora, Tracy Cheung, Hector C. Aguilar
  • The Autophagy-Initiating Protein Kinase ULK1 Phosphorylates Human Cytomegalovirus Tegument Protein pp28 and Regulates Efficient Virus Release
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    The Autophagy-Initiating Protein Kinase ULK1 Phosphorylates Human Cytomegalovirus Tegument Protein pp28 and Regulates Efficient Virus Release

    The catabolic program of autophagy represents a powerful immune defense against viruses that is, however, counteracted by antagonizing viral factors. Understanding the exact interplay between autophagy and HCMV infection is of major importance since autophagy-related proteins emerged as promising targets for pharmacologic intervention.

    Patrick König, Adriana Svrlanska, Clarissa Read, Sabine Feichtinger, Thomas Stamminger
  • DDIT3 Targets Innate Immunity via the DDIT3-OTUD1-MAVS Pathway To Promote Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Replication
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    DDIT3 Targets Innate Immunity via the DDIT3-OTUD1-MAVS Pathway To Promote Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Replication

    Extensive studies have demonstrated roles of DDIT3 in apoptosis and autophagy during viral infection. However, the role of DDIT3 in innate immunity remains largely unknown.

    Song Wang, Peili Hou, Wei Pan, Wenqi He, Daniel Chang He, Hongmei Wang, Hongbin He
  • Diverse Populations of Extracellular Vesicles with Opposite Functions during Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Diverse Populations of Extracellular Vesicles with Opposite Functions during Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection

    Extracellular vesicles mediate cell-to-cell communication and convey messages important for cell homeostasis. Pathways of EV biogenesis are often hijacked by pathogens to facilitate their dissemination and to establish a favorable microenvironment for the infection.

    Christos Dogrammatzis, Shadia Saleh, Clayton Deighan, Maria Kalamvoki
  • Phosphorylation of Influenza A Virus NS1 at Serine 205 Mediates Its Viral Polymerase-Enhancing Function
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Phosphorylation of Influenza A Virus NS1 at Serine 205 Mediates Its Viral Polymerase-Enhancing Function

    Influenza A viruses (IAVs) still pose a major threat to human health worldwide. As a zoonotic virus, IAV can spontaneously overcome species barriers and even reside in new hosts after efficient adaptation.

    Amol Patil, Darisuren Anhlan, Verónica Ferrando, Angeles Mecate-Zambrano, Alexander Mellmann, Viktor Wixler, Yvonne Boergeling, Stephan Ludwig

Cellular Response to Infection

  • Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 Induces Hepatic Steatosis via Activation of Liver X Receptor-α
    Cellular Response to Infection
    Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 Induces Hepatic Steatosis via Activation of Liver X Receptor-α

    Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is an important hepatotropic adenovirus in chicken, but the underlying mechanism of FAdV-4-induced hepatic injury remains unclear. We report here that infection with FAdV-4 induced the accumulation of oil droplets (triglycerides) in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, a typical indicator of steatosis, in the livers of chickens.

    Feng Yuan, Lei Hou, Li Wei, Rong Quan, Jing Wang, Hao Liu, Jue Liu
  • Open Access
    Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid and Spike T-Cell Epitopes for Assessing T-Cell Immunity
    Cellular Response to Infection
    Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid and Spike T-Cell Epitopes for Assessing T-Cell Immunity

    The development of specific and validated immunologic tools is critical for understanding the level and duration of the cellular response induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccines against this novel coronavirus disease. To contribute to this effort, we employed an immunoinformatics analysis pipeline to define 57 SARS-CoV-2 immunogenic peptides within topologically important regions of the nucleocapsid (NC) and spike (S) proteins...

    Eunok Lee, Kerrie Sandgren, Gabriel Duette, Vicki V. Stylianou, Rajiv Khanna, John-Sebastian Eden, Emily Blyth, David Gottlieb, Anthony L. Cunningham, Sarah Palmer
  • Identification and Complete Validation of Prognostic Gene Signatures for Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancers: Integrated Approach Covering Different Anatomical Locations
    Cellular Response to Infection
    Identification and Complete Validation of Prognostic Gene Signatures for Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancers: Integrated Approach Covering Different Anatomical Locations

    Persistent infection with high-risk HPV interferes with cell function regulation and causes cell mutations, which accumulate over the long term and eventually develop into cancer. Results of pathway enrichment analysis presumably showed this accumulation of intracellular damage during the chronic HPV-infected state.

    Eun Jung Kwon, Mihyang Ha, Jeon Yeob Jang, Yun Hak Kim

Vaccines and Antiviral Agents

  • Efficacy of Coxsackievirus A5 Vaccine Candidates in an Actively Immunized Mouse Model
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Efficacy of Coxsackievirus A5 Vaccine Candidates in an Actively Immunized Mouse Model

    The vaccine candidate strain CV-A5 was produced with a high infectivity titer and a high viral particle yield. Three particle forms, empty particles (EPs), full particles (FPs), and dense particles (DPs), were obtained and characterized after purification.

    Wei-Ping Jin, Jia Lu, Xiao-Yu Zhang, Jie Wu, Zhen-Ni Wei, Jian-Yi Mai, Sha-Sha Qian, Yu-Ting Yu, Sheng-Li Meng, Ze-Jun Wang, Shuo Shen
  • Mucosal Delivery of Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vectors Expressing Envelope Proteins of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Induces Protective Immunity in Cotton Rats
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Mucosal Delivery of Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vectors Expressing Envelope Proteins of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Induces Protective Immunity in Cotton Rats

    Even after decades of intensive research efforts, a safe and efficacious RSV vaccine remains elusive. Expression of heterologous antigens from rVSV vectors has demonstrated several practical and safety advantages over other virus vector systems and live attenuated vaccines.

    Basavaraj Binjawadagi, Yuanmei Ma, Rashmi Binjawadagi, Kelsey Brakel, Olivia Harder, Mark Peeples, Jianrong Li, Stefan Niewiesk

Pathogenesis and Immunity

  • Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Mediate Control of Ross River Virus Infection via a Type I Interferon-Dependent, MAVS-Independent Mechanism
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Mediate Control of Ross River Virus Infection via a Type I Interferon-Dependent, MAVS-Independent Mechanism

    Arthritogenic alphaviruses, including Ross River virus (RRV), are human pathogens that cause debilitating acute and chronic musculoskeletal disease and are a significant public health burden. Using an attenuated RRV with enhanced susceptibility to host innate immune responses has revealed key cellular and molecular mechanisms that can mediate control of attenuated RRV infection and that are evaded by more virulent RRV strains.

    ...
    Kelsey C. Haist, Kathryn S. Carpentier, Bennett J. Davenport, Thomas E. Morrison
  • Open Access
    Sequence Evaluation and Comparative Analysis of Novel Assays for Intact Proviral HIV-1 DNA
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Sequence Evaluation and Comparative Analysis of Novel Assays for Intact Proviral HIV-1 DNA

    The intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA) and quadruplex PCR (Q4PCR) represent major advances in accurately quantifying and characterizing the replication-competent HIV reservoir. This study compares the two novel approaches for measuring intact HIV proviral DNA in samples from 39 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed people living with HIV, thereby informing ongoing efforts to deplete the HIV reservoir in cure-related trials.

    ...
    Christian Gaebler, Shane D. Falcinelli, Elina Stoffel, Jenna Read, Ross Murtagh, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Victor Ramos, Julio C. C. Lorenzi, Jennifer Kirchherr, Katherine S. James, Brigitte Allard, Caroline Baker, JoAnn D. Kuruc, Marina Caskey, Nancie M. Archin, Robert F. Siliciano, David M. Margolis, Michel C. Nussenzweig
  • Transcriptional Analysis of Lymphoid Tissues from Infected Nonhuman Primates Reveals the Basis for Attenuation and Immunogenicity of an Ebola Virus Encoding a Mutant VP35 Protein
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Transcriptional Analysis of Lymphoid Tissues from Infected Nonhuman Primates Reveals the Basis for Attenuation and Immunogenicity of an Ebola Virus Encoding a Mutant VP35 Protein

    Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) infection causes a severe and often fatal disease characterized by inflammation, coagulation defects, and organ failure driven by a defective host immune response. Lymphoid tissues are key sites of EBOV pathogenesis and the generation of an effective immune response to infection.

    Amanda Pinski, Courtney Woolsey, Allen Jankeel, Robert Cross, Christopher F. Basler, Thomas Geisbert, Ilhem Messaoudi
  • Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP2 Suppresses Host Innate Immunity against Influenza A Virus by Regulating EGFR-Mediated Signaling
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP2 Suppresses Host Innate Immunity against Influenza A Virus by Regulating EGFR-Mediated Signaling

    Viral immune evasion is the most important strategy whereby viruses evolve for their survival. This work shows that influenza A virus (IAV) suppressed the antiviral innate immunity through downregulation of IFNs and ISGs by activating EGFR/ERK signaling.

    Qingsen Wang, Wenliang Pan, Song Wang, Chen Pan, Hongya Ning, Shile Huang, Shih-Hsin Chiu, Ji-Long Chen
  • Open Access
    Effect of Difference in Consensus Sequence between HIV-1 Subtype A/E and Subtype B Viruses on Elicitation of Gag-Specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cells and Accumulation of HLA-Associated Escape Mutations
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Effect of Difference in Consensus Sequence between HIV-1 Subtype A/E and Subtype B Viruses on Elicitation of Gag-Specific CD8+ T Cells and Accumulation of HLA-Associated Escape Mutations

    HIV-1 mutations escaped from HIV-specific CD8+ T cells are mostly detected as HLA-associated mutations. A diversity of HLA-associated mutations is somewhat distinct to each race and region, since HLA allele distribution differs among them.

    Yu Zhang, Hayato Murakoshi, Takayuki Chikata, Tomohiro Akahoshi, Giang Van Tran, Trung Vu Nguyen, Hiroyuki Gatanaga, Kinh Van Nguyen, Shinichi Oka, Nozomi Kuse, Masafumi Takiguchi
  • Open Access
    CRISPR/Cas9-Constructed Pseudorabies Virus Mutants Reveal the Importance of UL13 in Alphaherpesvirus Escape from Genome Silencing
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    CRISPR/Cas9-Constructed Pseudorabies Virus Mutants Reveal the Importance of UL13 in Alphaherpesvirus Escape from Genome Silencing

    Alphaherpesviruses have mastered various strategies to persist in an immunocompetent host, including the induction of latency and reactivation in peripheral nervous system (PNS) ganglia. We recently discovered that the molecular mechanism underlying escape from latency by the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) relies on a structural viral tegument protein.

    Jolien Van Cleemput, Orkide O. Koyuncu, Kathlyn Laval, Esteban A. Engel, Lynn W. Enquist
  • Substantial Attenuation of Virulence of Tembusu Virus Strain PS Is Determined by an Arginine at Residue 304 of the Envelope Protein
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Substantial Attenuation of Virulence of Tembusu Virus Strain PS Is Determined by an Arginine at Residue 304 of the Envelope Protein

    TMUV-related disease emerged in 2010 and has a significant economic impact on the duck industry. Although the disease was originally recognized to affect adult ducks, increasing evidence has shown that TMUV also causes severe disease of young ducklings.

    Lixin Yang, Te Liang, Junfeng Lv, Shenghua Qu, Runze Meng, Baolin Yang, Chonglun Feng, Weiqian Dai, Xiaoyan Wang, Bing Zhang, Dabing Zhang

Authors Corrections

  • Free
    Correction for Yin et al., “Equine Tetherin Blocks Retrovirus Release and Its Activity Is Antagonized by Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Envelope Protein”
    Author Correction
    Correction for Yin et al., “Equine Tetherin Blocks Retrovirus Release and Its Activity Is Antagonized by Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Envelope Protein”
    Xin Yin, Zhe Hu, Qinyong Gu, Xingliang Wu, Yong-Hui Zheng, Ping Wei, Xiaojun Wang
  • Free
    Correction for Jeong et al., “<em>In Vitro</em> Profiling of Laninamivir-Resistant Substitutions in N3 to N9 Avian Influenza Virus Neuraminidase Subtypes and Their Association with <em>In Vivo</em> Susceptibility”
    Author Correction
    Correction for Jeong et al., “In Vitro Profiling of Laninamivir-Resistant Substitutions in N3 to N9 Avian Influenza Virus Neuraminidase Subtypes and Their Association with In Vivo Susceptibility”
    Ju Hwan Jeong, Won-Suk Choi, Khristine Joy C. Antigua, Young Ki Choi, Elena A. Govorkova, Richard J. Webby, Yun Hee Baek, Min-Suk Song
  • Free
    Correction for Mo et al., “Lactic Acid Downregulates Viral MicroRNA To Promote Epstein-Barr Virus-Immortalized B Lymphoblastic Cell Adhesion and Growth”
    Author Correction
    Correction for Mo et al., “Lactic Acid Downregulates Viral MicroRNA To Promote Epstein-Barr Virus-Immortalized B Lymphoblastic Cell Adhesion and Growth”
    Xiaohui Mo, Fang Wei, Yin Tong, Ling Ding, Qing Zhu, Shujuan Du, Fei Tan, Caixia Zhu, Yuyan Wang, Qian Yu, Yeqiang Liu, Erle S. Robertson, Zhenghong Yuan, Qiliang Cai
  • Free
    Correction for Bhowmick et al., “Rotavirus-Encoded Nonstructural Protein 1 Modulates Cellular Apoptotic Machinery by Targeting Tumor Suppressor Protein p53”
    Author Correction
    Correction for Bhowmick et al., “Rotavirus-Encoded Nonstructural Protein 1 Modulates Cellular Apoptotic Machinery by Targeting Tumor Suppressor Protein p53”
    Rahul Bhowmick, Umesh Chandra Halder, Shiladitya Chattopadhyay, Mukti Kant Nayak, Mamta Chawla-Sarkar

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  • Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus
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