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Journal of Virology
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  • Diversity of Influenza B Viruses in Human Hosts
    Diversity of Influenza B Viruses in Human Hosts
  • Boosting To Increase ADCC Breadth and Potency
    Boosting To Increase ADCC Breadth and Potency
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Spotlight

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    Articles of Significant Interest in This Issue
    Spotlight
    Articles of Significant Interest in This Issue

Structure and Assembly

  • Molecular Basis of Binding between Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and CD26 from Seven Bat Species
    Structure and Assembly
    Molecular Basis of Binding between Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and CD26 from Seven Bat Species

    In this study, we found that bat CD26s (bCD26s) from different species exhibit large diversities, especially in the region responsible for binding to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). However, they maintain the interaction with MERS-RBD at varied affinities and support the entry of pseudotyped MERS-CoV. These bat receptors polymorphisms seem to confer evolutionary pressure for...

    Yuan Yuan, Jianxun Qi, Ruchao Peng, Chunrui Li, Guangwen Lu, Jinghua Yan, Qihui Wang, George Fu Gao
  • Biochemical Reconstitution of HIV-1 Assembly and Maturation
    Structure and Assembly
    Biochemical Reconstitution of HIV-1 Assembly and Maturation

    Assembly and maturation are essential steps in the replication of orthoretroviruses such as HIV-1 and are proven therapeutic targets. These processes require the coordinated functioning of the viral Gag protein’s multiple biochemical activities. We describe here the development of an experimental system that allows an integrative analysis of how Gag’s multiple functionalities cooperate to generate a retrovirus particle. Our current...

    Iga Kucharska, Pengfei Ding, Kaneil K. Zadrozny, Robert A. Dick, Michael F. Summers, Barbie K. Ganser-Pornillos, Owen Pornillos
  • Glycoprotein C of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Shields Glycoprotein B from Antibody Neutralization
    Structure and Assembly
    Glycoprotein C of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Shields Glycoprotein B from Antibody Neutralization

    HSV-1 causes lifelong infection in the human population and can be fatal in neonatal and immunocompromised individuals. There is no vaccine or cure, in part due to the ability of HSV to escape the host immune response by various mechanisms. The HSV particle contains at least 15 envelope proteins, four of which are required for entry and replication. This work suggests a novel role for gC in shielding the HSV entry glycoproteins. gC may...

    Tri Komala Sari, Katrina A. Gianopulos, Anthony V. Nicola

Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression

  • Different Degrees of 5'-to-3' DAR Interactions Modulate Zika Virus Genome Cyclization and Host-Specific Replication
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    Different Degrees of 5'-to-3' DAR Interactions Modulate Zika Virus Genome Cyclization and Host-Specific Replication

    Flaviviruses naturally cycle between the mosquito vector and vertebrate hosts. The disparate hosts provide selective pressures that drive virus genome evolution to maintain efficient replication during host alteration. Host adaptation may occur at different stages of the viral life cycle, since host-specific viral protein processing and virion conformations have been reported in the individual hosts. However, the viral determinants and...

    Xiao-Dan Li, Cheng-Lin Deng, Zhi-Ming Yuan, Han-Qing Ye, Bo Zhang
  • The Ubiquitin-Specific Protease Usp7, a Novel Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Large T-Antigen Interaction Partner, Modulates Viral DNA Replication
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    The Ubiquitin-Specific Protease Usp7, a Novel Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Large T-Antigen Interaction Partner, Modulates Viral DNA Replication

    MCPyV is the only human polyomavirus that is associated with cancer; the majority of Merkel cell cancers have a viral etiology. While much emphasis was placed on investigations to understand the transformation process by MCPyV oncoproteins and cellular factors, we have only limited knowledge of cellular factors participating in the MCPyV life cycle. Here, we describe Usp7, a cellular deubiquitination enzyme, as a new factor involved in...

    Manja Czech-Sioli, Svenja Siebels, Sonja Radau, René P. Zahedi, Claudia Schmidt, Thomas Dobner, Adam Grundhoff, Nicole Fischer
  • RNA Polymerase II Promoter-Proximal Pausing and Release to Elongation Are Key Steps Regulating Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Transcription
    Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
    RNA Polymerase II Promoter-Proximal Pausing and Release to Elongation Are Key Steps Regulating Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Transcription

    These data suggest that viral transcription is regulated not only by Pol II recruitment to viral genes but also by control of elongation into viral gene bodies. We provide a detailed map of Pol II occupancy on the HSV-1 genome that clarifies features of the viral transcriptome, including the first identification of Pol II PPP sites. The data indicate that Pol II is recruited to late genes early in infection. Comparing α and β gene...

    Claire H. Birkenheuer, Joel D. Baines

Genetic Diversity and Evolution

  • Open Access
    Evolutionary Dynamics of Oropouche Virus in South America
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    Evolutionary Dynamics of Oropouche Virus in South America

    The emergence and reemergence of pathogens such as Zika virus, chikungunya virus, and yellow fever virus have drawn attention toward other cocirculating arboviruses in South America. Oropouche virus (OROV) is a poorly studied pathogen responsible for over a dozen outbreaks since the early 1960s and represents a public health burden to countries such as Brazil, Panama, and Peru. OROV is likely underreported since its symptomatology can...

    Bernardo Gutierrez, Emma L. Wise, Steven T. Pullan, Christopher H. Logue, Thomas A. Bowden, Marina Escalera-Zamudio, Gabriel Trueba, Marcio R. T. Nunes, Nuno R. Faria, Oliver G. Pybus
  • Impact of Suboptimal APOBEC3G Neutralization on the Emergence of HIV Drug Resistance in Humanized Mice
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    Impact of Suboptimal APOBEC3G Neutralization on the Emergence of HIV Drug Resistance in Humanized Mice

    Both viral (e.g., RT) and host (e.g., A3G) factors can contribute to HIV sequence diversity. This study shows that suboptimal anti-A3G activity shapes viral fitness and drives viral evolution in the plasma compartment in humanized mice.

    Matthew M. Hernandez, Audrey Fahrny, Anitha Jayaprakash, Gustavo Gers-Huber, Marsha Dillon-White, Annette Audigé, Lubbertus C. F. Mulder, Ravi Sachidanandam, Roberto F. Speck, Viviana Simon
  • Influenza B Viruses Exhibit Lower Within-Host Diversity than Influenza A Viruses in Human Hosts
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution | Spotlight
    Influenza B Viruses Exhibit Lower Within-Host Diversity than Influenza A Viruses in Human Hosts

    The evolution of influenza virus is a significant public health problem and necessitates the annual evaluation of influenza vaccine formulation to keep pace with viral escape from herd immunity. Influenza B virus is a serious health concern for children, in particular, yet remains understudied compared to influenza A virus. Influenza B virus evolves more slowly than influenza A virus, but the factors underlying this are not completely...

    Andrew L. Valesano, William J. Fitzsimmons, John T. McCrone, Joshua G. Petrie, Arnold S. Monto, Emily T. Martin, Adam S. Lauring
  • Genetic Diversity, Compartmentalization, and Age of HIV Proviruses Persisting in CD4<sup>+</sup> T Cell Subsets during Long-Term Combination Antiretroviral Therapy
    Genetic Diversity and Evolution
    Genetic Diversity, Compartmentalization, and Age of HIV Proviruses Persisting in CD4+ T Cell Subsets during Long-Term Combination Antiretroviral Therapy

    The main barrier to HIV cure is the ability of a genetically diverse pool of proviruses, integrated into the genomes of infected CD4+ T cells, to persist despite long-term suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). CD4+ T cells, however, constitute a heterogeneous population due to their maturation across a developmental continuum, and the genetic “landscapes” of latent proviruses archived within them...

    Bradley R. Jones, Rachel L. Miller, Natalie N. Kinloch, Olivia Tsai, Hawley Rigsby, Hanwei Sudderuddin, Aniqa Shahid, Bruce Ganase, Chanson J. Brumme, Marianne Harris, Art F. Y. Poon, Mark A. Brockman, Rémi Fromentin, Nicolas Chomont, Jeffrey B. Joy, Zabrina L. Brumme

Virus-Cell Interactions

  • JC Polyomavirus Infection Reveals Delayed Progression of the Infectious Cycle in Normal Human Astrocytes
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    JC Polyomavirus Infection Reveals Delayed Progression of the Infectious Cycle in Normal Human Astrocytes

    Animal models are crucial in advancing biomedical research and defining the pathogenesis of human disease. Unfortunately, not all diseases can be easily modeled in a nonhuman host or such models are cost prohibitive to generate, including models for the human-specific virus JC polyomavirus (JCPyV). JCPyV infects most of the population but can cause a rare, fatal disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). There have been...

    Michael P. Wilczek, Jeanne K. DuShane, Francesca J. Armstrong, Melissa S. Maginnis
  • Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Viral Interleukin-6 Signaling Upregulates Integrin β3 Levels and Is Dependent on STAT3
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Viral Interleukin-6 Signaling Upregulates Integrin β3 Levels and Is Dependent on STAT3

    Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of three human malignancies: multicentric Castleman’s disease, primary effusion lymphoma, and Kaposi’s sarcoma. Kaposi’s sarcoma is a highly angiogenic tumor that arises from endothelial cells. It has been previously reported that KSHV infection of endothelial cells leads to an increase of integrin αVβ3, a molecule observed to be involved in the angiogenic process...

    Ricardo Rivera-Soto, Nathan J. Dissinger, Blossom Damania
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Reorganization and Intracellular Retention of CD58 Are Functionally Independent Properties of the Human Cytomegalovirus ER-Resident Glycoprotein UL148
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Reorganization and Intracellular Retention of CD58 Are Functionally Independent Properties of the Human Cytomegalovirus ER-Resident Glycoprotein UL148

    In myriad examples, viral gene products cause striking effects on cells, such as activation of stress responses. It can be challenging to decipher how such effects contribute to the biological roles of the proteins. The HCMV glycoprotein UL148 retains CD58 within the ER, thereby preventing it from reaching the cell surface, where it functions to stimulate cell-mediated antiviral responses. Intriguingly, UL148 also triggers the formation...

    Christopher C. Nguyen, Anthony J. Domma, Hongbo Zhang, Jeremy P. Kamil
  • PACSIN2 Interacts with Nonstructural Protein 5A and Regulates Hepatitis C Virus Assembly
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    PACSIN2 Interacts with Nonstructural Protein 5A and Regulates Hepatitis C Virus Assembly

    PACSIN2 is a lipid-binding protein that triggers the tubulation of the phosphatidic acid-containing membranes. The functional involvement of PACSIN2 in the virus life cycle has not yet been demonstrated. We showed that phosphorylation of PACSIN2 displayed a negative effect on NS5A and core interaction. The most significant finding is that NS5A prevents PKCα from binding to PACSIN2. Therefore, the phosphorylation level of PACSIN2 is...

    Lap P. Nguyen, Si C. Tran, Shiro Suetsugu, Yun-Sook Lim, Soon B. Hwang
  • Induction of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Encoded Thymidine Kinase (ORF21) by X-Box Binding Protein 1
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Induction of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Encoded Thymidine Kinase (ORF21) by X-Box Binding Protein 1

    Spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1s), part of the unfolded protein response and expressed in developing germinal center B cells, can induce Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic replication and directly activate viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6). We show here that XBP-1s can also directly activate KSHV ORF21, a lytic gene. ORF21 encodes KSHV thymidine kinase (TK), which increases the pool of dTTP for viral replication and...

    Victoria Wang, David A. Davis, Claire Deleage, Catherine Brands, Hong S. Choi, Muzammel Haque, Robert Yarchoan
  • Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus LANA Modulates the Stability of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase RLIM
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus LANA Modulates the Stability of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase RLIM

    E3 ubiquitin ligases mark their substrates for degradation and therefore control the cellular abundance of their substrates. RLIM is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that leads to the ubiquitination and degradation of several transcription regulators, such as LMO2, LMO4, LHX2, LHX3, LDB1, and the telomeric protein TRF1. Here, we show that the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-encoded LANA protein enhances the ubiquitin ligase...

    Hagar Tadmor, Melanie Greenway, Anuj Ahuja, Ola Orgil, Gangling Liao, Richard F. Ambinder, S. Diane Hayward, Meir Shamay
  • Trypsin Treatment Unlocks Barrier for Zoonotic Bat Coronavirus Infection
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    Trypsin Treatment Unlocks Barrier for Zoonotic Bat Coronavirus Infection

    Overall, our studies demonstrate that proteolytic cleavage is the primary barrier to infection for a subset of zoonotic coronaviruses. Moving forward, the results argue that both receptor binding and proteolytic cleavage of the spike are critical factors that must be considered for evaluating the emergence potential and risk posed by zoonotic coronaviruses. In addition, the findings also offer a novel means to recover previously...

    Vineet D. Menachery, Kenneth H. Dinnon, Boyd L. Yount, Eileen T. McAnarney, Lisa E. Gralinski, Andrew Hale, Rachel L. Graham, Trevor Scobey, Simon J. Anthony, Lingshu Wang, Barney Graham, Scott H. Randell, W. Ian Lipkin, Ralph S. Baric
  • β-Catenin Is Required for the cGAS/STING Signaling Pathway but Antagonized by the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 US3 Protein
    Virus-Cell Interactions | Spotlight
    β-Catenin Is Required for the cGAS/STING Signaling Pathway but Antagonized by the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 US3 Protein

    Although increasing evidence has demonstrated that HSV-1 subverts host immune responses and establishes lifelong latent infection, the molecular mechanisms by which HSV-1 interrupts antiviral innate immunity, especially the cGAS/STING-mediated cellular DNA-sensing signaling pathway, have not been fully explored. Here, we show that β-catenin promotes cGAS/STING-mediated activation of the IFN pathway, which is important for cellular...

    Hongjuan You, Yingying Lin, Feng Lin, Mingyue Yang, Jiahui Li, Rongzhao Zhang, Zhiming Huang, Qingtang Shen, Renxian Tang, Chunfu Zheng
  • Influenza Virus Hemagglutinins H2, H5, H6, and H11 Are Not Targets of Pulmonary Surfactant Protein D: <em>N</em>-Glycan Subtypes in Host-Pathogen Interactions
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Influenza Virus Hemagglutinins H2, H5, H6, and H11 Are Not Targets of Pulmonary Surfactant Protein D: N-Glycan Subtypes in Host-Pathogen Interactions

    Low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) subtypes can reassort with circulating human strains and pandemic viruses can emerge in human populations, as was seen in the 1957 pandemic, in which an H2 virus reassorted with the circulating H1N1 to create a novel H2N2 genotype. Lung surfactant protein D (SP-D), a key factor in first-line innate immunity defense, removes influenza type A virus (IAV) through interaction with...

    Lisa M. Parsons, Yanming An, Li Qi, Mitchell R. White, Roosmarijn van der Woude, Kevan L. Hartshorn, Jeffery K. Taubenberger, Robert P. de Vries, John F. Cipollo
  • Molecular Mechanism for Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Coronavirus Entry
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Molecular Mechanism for Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Coronavirus Entry

    Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of viral entry has been observed for many viruses. It was shown that antibodies target one serotype of viruses but only subneutralize another, leading to ADE of the latter viruses. Here we identify a novel mechanism for ADE: a neutralizing antibody binds to the surface spike protein of coronaviruses like a viral receptor, triggers a conformational change of the spike, and mediates viral entry into...

    Yushun Wan, Jian Shang, Shihui Sun, Wanbo Tai, Jing Chen, Qibin Geng, Lei He, Yuehong Chen, Jianming Wu, Zhengli Shi, Yusen Zhou, Lanying Du, Fang Li
  • Invasion of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 into Murine Dermis: Role of Nectin-1 and Herpesvirus Entry Mediator as Cellular Receptors during Aging
    Virus-Cell Interactions
    Invasion of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 into Murine Dermis: Role of Nectin-1 and Herpesvirus Entry Mediator as Cellular Receptors during Aging

    HSV-1 is a prevalent human pathogen which invades skin and mucocutaneous linings. So far, the underlying mechanisms of how the virus invades tissue, reaches its receptors, and initiates infection are still unresolved. To unravel the mechanical prerequisites that limit or favor viral invasion into tissue, we need to understand the contribution of the receptors that are involved in viral internalization. Here, we investigated the invasion...

    Lisa Wirtz, Maureen Möckel, Dagmar Knebel-Mörsdorf

Cellular Response to Infection

  • The <em>IFNL4</em> Gene Is a Noncanonical Interferon Gene with a Unique but Evolutionarily Conserved Regulation
    Cellular Response to Infection
    The IFNL4 Gene Is a Noncanonical Interferon Gene with a Unique but Evolutionarily Conserved Regulation

    Recent genetic evidence has highlighted how the IFNL4 gene acts in a counterintuitive manner, as patients with a nonfunctional IFNL4 gene exhibit increased clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) but also increased liver inflammation. This suggests that the IFNL4 gene acts in a proviral and anti-inflammatory manner. These surprising but quite clear genetic data have prompted an extensive examination of the basic...

    Hao Zhou, Michelle Møhlenberg, Ewa Terczyńska-Dyla, Kasper Grønbjerg Winther, Nanna Hougaard Hansen, Johan Vad-Nielsen, Laura Laloli, Ronald Dijkman, Anders Lade Nielsen, Hans Henrik Gad, Rune Hartmann

Vaccines and Antiviral Agents

  • Astrovirus Replication Is Inhibited by Nitazoxanide <em>In Vitro</em> and <em>In Vivo</em>
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Astrovirus Replication Is Inhibited by Nitazoxanide In Vitro and In Vivo

    Human astroviruses (HAstV) are thought to cause between 2 and 9% of acute, nonbacterial diarrhea cases in children worldwide. HAstV infection can be especially problematic in immunocompromised people and infants, where the virus has been associated with necrotizing enterocolitis and severe and persistent diarrhea, as well as rare instances of systemic and fatal disease. And yet, no antivirals have been identified to treat astrovirus...

    Virginia Hargest, Bridgett Sharp, Brandi Livingston, Valerie Cortez, Stacey Schultz-Cherry
  • Monoclonal Antibodies with Neutralizing Activity and Fc-Effector Functions against the Machupo Virus Glycoprotein
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Monoclonal Antibodies with Neutralizing Activity and Fc-Effector Functions against the Machupo Virus Glycoprotein

    MACV infections are a significant public health concern and lead to high case fatality rates. No specific treatment or vaccine for MACV infections exist. However, cases of Junin virus infection, a related virus, can be treated with convalescent-phase serum. This indicates that a MAb-based therapy for MACV could be effective. Here, we describe several MAbs that neutralize MACV and could be used for this purpose.

    Fatima Amanat, James Duehr, Cheng Huang, Slobodan Paessler, Gene S. Tan, Florian Krammer
  • Targeting Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF21 Tyrosine Kinase and Viral Lytic Reactivation by Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Approved for Clinical Use
    Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
    Targeting Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF21 Tyrosine Kinase and Viral Lytic Reactivation by Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Approved for Clinical Use

    Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the cause of three human malignancies: Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and the plasma cell variant of multicentric Castleman disease. Previous research has shown that several cellular tyrosine kinases play crucial roles during several steps in the virus replication cycle.

    Guillaume Beauclair, Eleonora Naimo, Tatyana Dubich, Jessica Rückert, Sandra Koch, Akshay Dhingra, Dagmar Wirth, Thomas F. Schulz

Pathogenesis and Immunity

  • Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cell Priming and Latent Ganglionic Retention Are Shaped by Viral Epitope Promoter Kinetics
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Specific CD8+ T Cell Priming and Latent Ganglionic Retention Are Shaped by Viral Epitope Promoter Kinetics

    Latency of HSV-1 in host neurons enables long-term persistence from which reactivation may occur to cause recurrent diseases, such as blinding herpetic stromal keratitis. Latency is not antigenically silent, and viral proteins are sporadically expressed at low levels without full virion production. This protein expression is recognized by ganglion-resident HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cells that maintain a protective resident...

    Benjamin R. Treat, Sarah M. Bidula, Anthony J. St. Leger, Robert L. Hendricks, Paul R. Kinchington
  • A MUC16 IgG Binding Activity Selects for a Restricted Subset of IgG Enriched for Certain Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Epitope Specificities
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    A MUC16 IgG Binding Activity Selects for a Restricted Subset of IgG Enriched for Certain Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Epitope Specificities

    Understanding how antibodies are distributed in the mucosal environment is valuable for developing a vaccine to block HIV infection. Here, we study an IgG binding activity in MUC16, potentially representing a new IgG effector function that would concentrate certain antibodies within the glycocalyx to trap pathogens before they can reach the underlying columnar epithelial barriers. These studies reveal that rhesus macaque IgG responses...

    Jeffrey R. Schneider, Xiaoying Shen, Chiara Orlandi, Tinashe Nyanhete, Sheetal Sawant, Ann M. Carias, Archer D. Smith, Neil L. Kelleher, Ronald S. Veazey, George K. Lewis, Georgia D. Tomaras, Thomas J. Hope
  • Mutations in the Neuraminidase-Like Protein of Bat Influenza H18N11 Virus Enhance Virus Replication in Mammalian Cells, Mice, and Ferrets
    Pathogenesis and Immunity | Spotlight
    Mutations in the Neuraminidase-Like Protein of Bat Influenza H18N11 Virus Enhance Virus Replication in Mammalian Cells, Mice, and Ferrets

    Bats are reservoirs for several severe zoonotic pathogens. The genomes of influenza A viruses of the H17N10 and H18N11 subtypes have been identified in bats, but no live virus has been isolated. The characterization of artificially generated bat influenza H18N11 virus in mammalian cell lines and animal models revealed that this virus can acquire mammal-adapting mutations that may increase its zoonotic potential; however, the wild-type...

    Gongxun Zhong, Shufang Fan, Masato Hatta, Sumiho Nakatsu, Kevin B. Walters, Tiago J. S. Lopes, Jessica I-Hsuan Wang, Makoto Ozawa, Alexander Karasin, Yan Li, Suxiang Tong, Ruben O. Donis, Gabriele Neumann, Yoshihiro Kawaoka
  • Expression of the Conserved Herpesvirus Protein Kinase (CHPK) of Marek’s Disease Alphaherpesvirus in the Skin Reveals a Mechanistic Importance for CHPK during Interindividual Spread in Chickens
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Expression of the Conserved Herpesvirus Protein Kinase (CHPK) of Marek’s Disease Alphaherpesvirus in the Skin Reveals a Mechanistic Importance for CHPK during Interindividual Spread in Chickens

    Marek’s disease in chickens is caused by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2, better known as Marek’s disease alphaherpesvirus (MDV). Current vaccines only reduce tumor formation but do not block interindividual spread from chicken to chicken. Understanding MDV interindividual spread provides important information for the development of potential therapies to protect against...

    Andrea Krieter, Nagendraprabhu Ponnuraj, Keith W. Jarosinski
  • Functional Perturbation of Mucosal Group 3 Innate Lymphoid and Natural Killer Cells in Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Infant Rhesus Macaques
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Functional Perturbation of Mucosal Group 3 Innate Lymphoid and Natural Killer Cells in Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Infant Rhesus Macaques

    Vertical transmission of HIV from mother to child accounts for many of the new cases seen worldwide. There is currently no vaccine to mitigate this transmission, and there has been limited research on the effects that lentiviral infection has on the innate immune system in oral tissues of infected children. To fill this knowledge gap, our laboratory studied infant rhesus macaques to evaluate how acute SIV/SHIV infections impacted ILC3...

    Brady Hueber, Alan D. Curtis, Kyle Kroll, Valerie Varner, Rhianna Jones, Sachi Pathak, Michelle Lifton, Koen K. A. Van Rompay, Kristina De Paris, R. Keith Reeves
  • Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Infection Causes Susceptibility to Mousepox and Impairs Natural Killer Cell Maturation and Function
    Pathogenesis and Immunity | Spotlight
    Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Infection Causes Susceptibility to Mousepox and Impairs Natural Killer Cell Maturation and Function

    Infection of adult mice with the clone 13 (CL13) strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is extensively used as a model of chronic infection. In this paper, we show that mice chronically infected with CL13 succumb to challenge with ectromelia virus (ECTV; the agent of mousepox) and that natural killer (NK) cells in CL13-infected mice are reduced in numbers and have an immature and partially activated phenotype but do respond...

    Pedro Alves-Peixoto, Maria Férez, Cory J. Knudson, Colby Stotesbury, Carolina R. Melo-Silva, Eric B. Wong, Margarida Correia-Neves, Luis J. Sigal
  • Loss of Resistance to Mousepox during Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection Is Associated with Impaired T-Cell Responses and Can Be Rescued by Immunization
    Pathogenesis and Immunity | Spotlight
    Loss of Resistance to Mousepox during Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection Is Associated with Impaired T-Cell Responses and Can Be Rescued by Immunization

    Chronic viral infections may result in immunosuppression and enhanced susceptibility to infections with other pathogens. For example, we have recently shown that mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (CL13) are highly susceptible to mousepox, a disease that is caused by ectromelia virus and that is the mouse homolog of human smallpox. Here we show chronic CL13 infection severely disrupts the...

    Pedro Alves-Peixoto, Maria Férez, Cory J. Knudson, Carolina R. Melo-Silva, Colby Stotesbury, Eric B. Wong, Margarida Correia-Neves, Luis J. Sigal
  • Long-Term Protection of Rhesus Macaques from Zika Virus Reinfection
    Pathogenesis and Immunity
    Long-Term Protection of Rhesus Macaques from Zika Virus Reinfection

    ZIKV emerged as a vector-borne pathogen capable of causing illness in infected adults and congenital birth defects in infants born to mothers infected during pregnancy. Despite the decrease in ZIKV cases since the 2015-2016 epidemic, questions concerning the prevalence and longevity of protective immunity have left vulnerable communities fearful that they may become the center of next ZIKV outbreak. Although preexisting herd immunity in...

    Gage K. Moreno, Christina M. Newman, Michelle R. Koenig, Mariel S. Mohns, Andrea M. Weiler, Sierra Rybarczyk, Kim L. Weisgrau, Logan J. Vosler, Nicholas Pomplun, Nancy Schultz-Darken, Eva Rakasz, Dawn M. Dudley, Thomas C. Friedrich, David H. O’Connor

Letter to the Editor

  • Inhibition of Metalloprotease TRABD2A Facilitates the Study of HIV-1 Replication in Resting CD4<sup>+</sup> T Cells
    Letter to the Editor
    Inhibition of Metalloprotease TRABD2A Facilitates the Study of HIV-1 Replication in Resting CD4+ T Cells
    Jinxiu Dong, Guoxin Liang, Hong Shang

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Journal of Virology: 94 (5)

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volume 94, issue 5
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  • Discovering Invisible Truths
  • Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS
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