Spotlight
Minireview
MinireviewMolecular and Structural Insights into the Life Cycle of Rubella VirusRubella virus (RUBV), a rubivirus, is an airborne human pathogen that generally causes mild measles-like symptoms in children or adults. However, RUBV infection of pregnant women can result in miscarriage or congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), a collection of long-term birth defects, including incomplete organ development and mental retardation.
Structure and Assembly
Structure and AssemblyHIV-1 Uncoating Occurs via a Series of Rapid Biomechanical Changes in the Core Related to Individual Stages of Reverse TranscriptionFor successful infection, the HIV-1 genome, which is enclosed inside a capsid shell, must be reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA and released from the capsid (in a process known as uncoating) before it can be integrated into the target cell genome. The mechanism of HIV-1 uncoating is a pivotal question of long standing.
Structure and AssemblyMechanism of Nuclear Lamina Disruption and the Role of pUS3 in Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Nuclear EgressThe nuclear lamina is an important player in infection by viruses that replicate in the nucleus. Herpesviruses alter the structure of the nuclear lamina to facilitate transport of capsids from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and use both viral and cellular effectors to disrupt the protein-protein interactions that maintain the lamina.
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene Expression
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene ExpressionMapping the Human Herpesvirus 6B TranscriptomeRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is an important tool for studying RNA transcripts, particularly during active viral infection. We made use of RNA-seq to study human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) infection.
Genome Replication and Regulation of Viral Gene ExpressionSegment-Specific Kinetics of mRNA, cRNA, and vRNA Accumulation during Influenza Virus InfectionInfluenza A virus (IAV) is a respiratory pathogen that has caused significant mortality throughout history and remains a global threat to human health. Although much is known about IAV replication, the regulation of IAV replication dynamics is not completely understood.
Virus-Cell Interactions
Virus-Cell InteractionsInteraction of Nuclear Export Protein with G Protein Pathway Suppressor 2 (GPS2) Facilitates Influenza A Virus Replication by Weakening the Inhibition of GPS2 to RNA Synthesis and Ribonucleoprotein AssemblyNEP is proposed to play multiple biologically important roles in the life cycle of IAV, which largely relies on host factors by interaction. Our study demonstrated that GPS2 could reduce the interaction between polymerase basic 1 (PB1) and PB2 and interfere with viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) assembly.
Virus-Cell InteractionsSARS-CoV-2 Causes Severe Epithelial Inflammation and Barrier DysfunctionSARS-CoV-2 challenges health care systems and societies worldwide in unprecedented ways. Although numerous new studies have been conducted, research to better understand the molecular pathogen-host interactions are urgently needed.
Virus-Cell InteractionsPotential Differences in Cleavage of the S Protein and Type 1 Interferon Together Control Human Coronavirus Infection, Propagation, and Neuropathology within the Central Nervous SystemHuman coronaviruses (HCoV) are recognized respiratory pathogens. The emergence of the novel pathogenic member of this family in December 2019 (SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19) poses a global health emergency.
Virus-Cell InteractionsSarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-Transporting ATPase (SERCA) Modulates Autophagic, Inflammatory, and Mitochondrial Responses during Influenza A Virus Infection in Human Lung CellsIAV is a major cause of infectious respiratory diseases, characterized by a marked respiratory tract inflammatory response that causes morbidity and mortality in seasonal epidemics or pandemic outbreaks. SERCA is a critical component in maintaining cellular calcium levels and is positively correlated with autophagic flux.
Virus-Cell InteractionsThe Reovirus μ2 C-Terminal Loop Inversely Regulates NTPase and Transcription Functions versus Binding to Factory-Forming μNS and Promotes Replication in Tumorigenic CellsReovirus is a model system for understanding virus replication and also a clinically relevant virus for cancer therapy. We identified the first mutation that increases reovirus infection in tumorigenic cells by enhancing postentry stages of reovirus replication.
Virus-Cell InteractionsElevation of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Promotes Differentiation of Cancer Stem-Like Cell State by Hepatitis C Virus InfectionThe progression of chronic liver disease by HCV infection is considered a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the major causes of death from cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that increased CSC properties in HCV-infected hepatocytes are associated with the progression of HCC.
Virus-Cell InteractionsDecoding the Molecular Properties of Mycobacteriophage D29 Holin Provides Insights into Holin EngineeringHolins are bacteriophage-encoded small membrane perforators that play an important role in determining the timing of host cell lysis toward the end of the phage infection cycle. The ability of holin to precisely time the hole formation in the cell membrane, ensuring cell lysis, is both interesting and intriguing. Here, we examined the molecular properties of the mycobacteriophage D29 holin C-terminal region, which harbors several polar...
Virus-Cell InteractionsThe FAT10 Posttranslational Modification Is Involved in Lytic Replication of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated HerpesvirusUbiquitin and UBL posttranslational modifications, including FAT10, are utilized and dysregulated by viruses for achievement of effective infection and virion production. The UBE1L2-FAT10 system catalyzes FAT10ylation, where one or more FAT10 molecules are covalently linked to a substrate.
Virus-Cell InteractionsMicrofilaments and Microtubules Alternately Coordinate the Multistep Endosomal Trafficking of Classical Swine Fever VirusEndocytosis, an essential biological process mediating cellular internalization events, is often exploited by pathogens for their entry into target cells. Previously, we reported different mechanisms of CSFV endocytosis into the porcine epithelial cells (PK-15) and macrophages (3D4/21); however, the details of microfilaments/microtubules mediated virus migration within the host cells remained to be elucidated.
Virus-Cell InteractionsHIV-1 Uses Dynamic Podosomes for Entry into MacrophagesMacrophages are motile leukocytes and play critical roles in HIV-1 infection and AIDS progression. Podosomes, as small dynamic adhesion microdomains driven by the dynamic actin cytoskeleton, are mainly involved in cell migration of macrophages.
Virus-Cell InteractionsEpstein-Barr Virus-Encoded Latent Membrane Protein 2A Downregulates GCNT3 via the TGF-β1/Smad-mTORC1 Signaling AxisEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an opportunistic pathogen, and the latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) encoded by EBV plays a key role in ensuring the incubation period of EBV. Glycosylation modification is an important marker of cancer cells, and recent studies have reported that it is related to EBV.
Cellular Response to Infection
Cellular Response to InfectionInitial Hepatitis C Virus Infection of Adult Hepatocytes Triggers a Temporally Structured Transcriptional Program Containing Diverse Pro- and Antiviral ElementsAcute HCV infections are often asymptomatic and therefore frequently undiagnosed. We endeavored to recreate this understudied phase of HCV infection using explanted PHHs and monitored host responses to initial infection.
Cellular Response to InfectionPeople with HIV-1 Demonstrate Type 1 Interferon Refractoriness Associated with Upregulated USP18People living with HIV-1 (PLWH) have elevated constitutive expression of type 1 interferons (IFN). However, it is unclear whether this affects downstream innate immune responses.
Gene Delivery
Gene DeliveryOncolytic Foamy Virus: Generation and Properties of a Nonpathogenic Replicating Retroviral Vector System That Targets Chronically Proliferating Cancer CellsThe infectivity of certain retroviruses is limited to dividing cells, which makes them attractive tools for targeting cancer cell proliferation. Previously developed replication-competent gammaretroviral vectors spread efficiently in rapidly dividing cancer cells, but not in cancer cells that divide more slowly.
Gene DeliveryEffects of Altering Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Binding and Capsid Hydrophilicity on Retinal Transduction by Adeno-associated VirusRationally guided engineering of AAV capsids aims to create new generations of vectors with enhanced potential for human gene therapy. By applying rational design principles to AAV2-based capsids, we evaluated the influence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acid mutations on retinal transduction as it relates to vector administration route.
Vaccines and Antiviral Agents
Vaccines and Antiviral AgentsA Comparative Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals Characterizes 3CLpro Inhibitor PF-00835231 as a Potential New Treatment for COVID-19The arsenal of SARS-CoV-2 specific antiviral drugs is extremely limited. Only one direct-acting antiviral drug is currently approved, the viral polymerase inhibitor remdesivir, and it has limited efficacy.
Vaccines and Antiviral AgentsEngineered Influenza Virus Virions Reveal the Contributions of Non-hemagglutinin Structural Proteins to Vaccine-Mediated ProtectionInfluenza virus vaccines currently afford short-term protection from viruses that are closely related to the vaccine strains. There is currently much effort to develop improved, next-generation influenza vaccines that elicit broader and longer-lasting protection.
Vaccines and Antiviral AgentsPotent Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by Hetero-Bivalent Alpaca Nanobodies Targeting the Spike Receptor-Binding DomainTo date, SARS-CoV-2 has caused tremendous loss of human life and economic output worldwide. Although a few COVID-19 vaccines have been approved in several countries, the development of effective therapeutics, including SARS-CoV-2 targeting antibodies, remains critical.
Pathogenesis and Immunity
Pathogenesis and ImmunityT Cell Epitope Screening of Epstein-Barr Virus Fusion Protein gBT cells are crucial for the control of persistent EBV infection and the development of EBV-associated diseases. The EBV gB protein is essential for virus entry into B cells and epithelial cells and is thus a target antigen for vaccine development.
Pathogenesis and ImmunityDifferential Pathogenesis between Andes Virus Strains CHI-7913 and Chile-9717869 in Syrian HamstersAndes orthohantavirus (ANDV) is a New World hantavirus that is a major cause of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS; also referred to as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome) in South America, particularly in Chile and Argentina. ANDV is one of the few hantaviruses for which there is a reliable animal model, the Syrian hamster model, which recapitulates important aspects of human disease.
Pathogenesis and ImmunityDirect Priming of CD8+ T Cells Persists in the Face of Cowpox Virus Inhibitors of Antigen PresentationCD8+ T cells are key to antiviral immunity, so it is important to understand how they are activated. Many viruses have proteins that protect infected cells from T cell attack by interfering with the process that allows virus infection to be recognized by CD8+ T cells.
Pathogenesis and ImmunityGuinea Pig Cytomegalovirus Protective T Cell Antigen GP83 Is a Functional pp65 Homolog for Innate Immune Evasion and Pentamer-Dependent Virus TropismCongenital CMV (cCMV) is a leading cause of cognitive impairment and deafness in newborns, and a vaccine is a high priority. The guinea pig is the only small animal model for cCMV but requires guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV).
Pathogenesis and ImmunityTLR3 Activation by Zika Virus Stimulates Inflammatory Cytokine Production Which Dampens the Antiviral Response Induced by RIG-I-Like ReceptorsZika virus (ZIKV) has a pronounced neurotropism, and infections with this virus can cause serious neurological disorders, most notably microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Our studies reveal that during ZIKV infection, recognition of viral RNA by TLR3 enhances the production of inflammatory cytokines and suppresses the interferon response triggered by RIG-I-like receptors (RLR) in a SOCS3-dependent manner, thus facilitating virus...
Letter to the Editor
Letter to the EditorGenomic Characterization of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Lineage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Author Corrections
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Journal of Virology® (JVI) explores the nature of viruses, reporting important new discoveries and pointing to new directions in research.
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