To see an article, click its [Full Text], [Abstract] or [PDF] link. To review many abstracts, check the boxes to the left of the titles you want, and click the 'Get All Checked Abstract(s)' button. To see one abstract at a time, click its [Abstract] link.

Pathogenesis and Immunity:

Steffanie Sabbaj, Bradley H. Edwards, Mrinal K. Ghosh, Katherine Semrau, Sanford Cheelo, Donald M. Thea, Louise Kuhn, G. Douglas Ritter, Mark J. Mulligan, Paul A. Goepfert, and Grace M. Aldrovandi

Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD8⁺ T Cells in Human Breast Milk
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7365-7373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Jiehao Zhou, Stephen A. Stohlman, Roscoe Atkinson, David R. Hinton, and Norman W. Marten

Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression Correlates with Virulence following Neurotropic Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7374-7384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

O. Martin Williams, Keith W. Hart, Eddie C. Y. Wang, and Colin M. Gelder

Analysis of CD4⁺ T-Cell Responses to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Type 11 L1 in Healthy Adults Reveals a High Degree of Responsiveness and Cross-Reactivity with Other HPV Types
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7418-7429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Artur Ramos, Dale J. Hu, Lily Nguyen, Kim-Oanh Phan, Suphak Vanichseni, Nattawan Promadej, Kachit Choopanya, Margaret Callahan, Nancy L. Young, Janet McNicholl, Timothy D. Mastro, Thomas M. Folks, and Shambavi Subbarao

Intersubtype Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Superinfection following Seroconversion to Primary Infection in Two Injection Drug Users
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7444-7452. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Johan K. Sandberg, Noam M. Fast, Emil H. Palacios, Glenn Fennelly, Joanna Dobroszycki, Paul Palumbo, Andrew Wiznia, Robert M. Grant, Nina Bhardwaj, Michael G. Rosenberg, and Douglas F. Nixon

Selective Loss of Innate CD4⁺ V24 Natural Killer T Cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7528-7534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Hiroko Tomiyama, Hirofumi Akari, Akio Adachi, and Masafumi Takiguchi

Different Effects of Nef-Mediated HLA Class I Down-Regulation on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific CD8⁺ T-Cell Cytolytic Activity and Cytokine Production
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7535-7543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Jason Botten, Katy Mirowsky, Chunyan Ye, Keith Gottlieb, Melissa Saavedra, Liana Ponce, and Brian Hjelle

Shedding and Intracage Transmission of Sin Nombre Hantavirus in the Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) Model
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7587-7594. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Getachew Sequar, William J. Britt, Fred D. Lakeman, Kristen M. Lockridge, Ross P. Tarara, Don R. Canfield, Shan-Shan Zhou, Murray B. Gardner, and Peter A. Barry

Experimental Coinfection of Rhesus Macaques with Rhesus Cytomegalovirus and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogenesis
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7661-7671. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Masanobu Kitagawa, Shuichi Yamaguchi, Maki Hasegawa, Kaoru Tanaka, Toshihiko Sado, Katsuiku Hirokawa, and Shiro Aizawa

Friend Leukemia Virus Infection Enhances DNA Damage-Induced Apoptosis of Hematopoietic Cells, Causing Lethal Anemia in C3H Hosts
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7790-7798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Xiaoqi Lin, M. Kariuki Njenga, Aaron J. Johnson, Kevin D. Pavelko, Chella S. David, Larry R. Pease, and Moses Rodriguez

Transgenic Expression of Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Genes in H-2^b Mice Inhibits Resistance to Virus-Induced Demyelination
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7799-7811. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Elena Ryzhova, J. Charles Whitbeck, Gabriela Canziani, Susan V. Westmoreland, Gary H. Cohen, Roselyn J. Eisenberg, Andrew Lackner, and Francisco González-Scarano

Rapid Progression to Simian AIDS Can Be Accompanied by Selection of CD4-Independent gp120 Variants with Impaired Ability To Bind CD4
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7903-7909. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Virus-Cell Interactions:

John L. Casey

RNA Editing in Hepatitis Delta Virus Genotype III Requires a Branched Double-Hairpin RNA Structure
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7385-7397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Joseph W. Golden, Jessica Linke, Stephen Schmechel, Kara Thoemke, and Leslie A. Schiff

Addition of Exogenous Protease Facilitates Reovirus Infection in Many Restrictive Cells
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7430-7443. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Keith D. Tardif, Kazutoshi Mori, and Aleem Siddiqui

Hepatitis C Virus Subgenomic Replicons Induce Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activating an Intracellular Signaling Pathway
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7453-7459. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Urs Schneider, Veronika von Messling, Patricia Devaux, and Roberto Cattaneo

Efficiency of Measles Virus Entry and Dissemination through Different Receptors
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7460-7467. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Christina Ochsenbauer-Jambor, Sue E. Delos, Mary Ann Accavitti, Judith M. White, and Eric Hunter

Novel Monoclonal Antibody Directed at the Receptor Binding Site on the Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis Virus Env Complex
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7518-7527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Daniela Hüser, Stefan Weger, and Regine Heilbronn

Kinetics and Frequency of Adeno-Associated Virus Site-Specific Integration into Human Chromosome 19 Monitored by Quantitative Real-Time PCR
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7554-7559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Nathalie Boutonnet, Wouter Janssens, Carlo Boutton, Jean-Luc Verschelde, Leo Heyndrickx, Els Beirnaert, Guido van der Groen, and Ignace Lasters

Comparison of Predicted Scaffold-Compatible Sequence Variation in the Triple-Hairpin Structure of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41 with Patient Data
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7595-7606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Karen B. Farrell, Jill L. Russ, Ravi K. Murthy, and Maribeth V. Eiden

Reassessing the Role of Region A in Pit1-Mediated Viral Entry
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7683-7693. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Amanda D. Stuart, Thomas A. McKee, Pamela A. Williams, Chris Harley, Shuo Shen, David I. Stuart, T. David K. Brown, and Susan M. Lea

Determination of the Structure of a Decay Accelerating Factor-Binding Clinical Isolate of Echovirus 11 Allows Mapping of Mutants with Altered Receptor Requirements for Infection
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7694-7704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Alexander M. Ishov, Olga V. Vladimirova, and Gerd G. Maul

Daxx-Mediated Accumulation of Human Cytomegalovirus Tegument Protein pp71 at ND10 Facilitates Initiation of Viral Infection at These Nuclear Domains
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7705-7712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Luis M. Schang, Andrew Bantly, and Priscilla A. Schaffer

Explant-Induced Reactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus Occurs in Neurons Expressing Nuclear cdk2 and cdk4
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7724-7735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Nobuhiro Suzuki and Donald L. Nuss

Contribution of Protein p40 to Hypovirus-Mediated Modulation of Fungal Host Phenotype and Viral RNA Accumulation
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7747-7759. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Matloob Husain and Bernard Moss

Similarities in the Induction of Post-Golgi Vesicles by the Vaccinia Virus F13L Protein and Phospholipase D
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7777-7789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Rogier W. Sanders, Esther C. de Jong, Christopher E. Baldwin, Joost H. N. Schuitemaker, Martien L. Kapsenberg, and Ben Berkhout

Differential Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Distinct Subsets of Effector Dendritic Cells
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7812-7821. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Frédéric Delebecque, Karin Pramberger, Marie-Christine Prévost, Michel Brahic, and Frédéric Tangy

A Chimeric Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 with the Envelope Glycoprotein of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Is Infectious for Murine Cells
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7883-7889. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Sara Klucking, Heather B. Adkins, and John A. T. Young

Resistance to Infection by Subgroups B, D, and E Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis Viruses Is Explained by a Premature Stop Codon within a Resistance Allele of the tvb Receptor Gene
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7918-7921. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Vaccines and Antiviral Agents:

Michael F. Maguire, Rosario Guinea, Philip Griffin, Sarah Macmanus, Robert C. Elston, Josie Wolfram, Naomi Richards, Mary H. Hanlon, David J. T. Porter, Terri Wrin, Neil Parkin, Margaret Tisdale, Eric Furfine, Chris Petropoulos, B. Wendy Snowden, and Jörg-Peter Kleim

Changes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag at Positions L449 and P453 Are Linked to I50V Protease Mutants In Vivo and Cause Reduction of Sensitivity to Amprenavir and Improved Viral Fitness In Vitro
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7398-7406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Karl Haglund, Ingrid Leiner, Kristen Kerksiek, Linda Buonocore, Eric Pamer, and John K. Rose

Robust Recall and Long-Term Memory T-Cell Responses Induced by Prime-Boost Regimens with Heterologous Live Viral Vectors Expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag and Env Proteins
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7506-7517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

D. Marsac, D. Loirat, C. Petit, O. Schwartz, and M.-L. Michel

Enhanced Presentation of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I-Restricted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Gag-Specific Epitopes after DNA Immunization with Vectors Coding for Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Glycoprotein- Pseudotyped HIV-1 Gag Particles
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7544-7553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Sancy A. Leachman, Mark Shylankevich, Martin D. Slade, Dana Levine, Ranjini K. Sundaram, Wei Xiao, Marianne Bryan, Daniel Zelterman, Robert E. Tiegelaar, and Janet L. Brandsma

Ubiquitin-Fused and/or Multiple Early Genes from Cottontail Rabbit Papillomavirus as DNA Vaccines
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7616-7624. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Rama Rao Amara, Francois Villinger, Silvija I. Staprans, John D. Altman, David C. Montefiori, Natalia L. Kozyr, Yan Xu, Linda S. Wyatt, Patricia L. Earl, James G. Herndon, Harold M. McClure, Bernard Moss, and Harriet L. Robinson

Different Patterns of Immune Responses but Similar Control of a Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus 89.6P Mucosal Challenge by Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) and DNA/MVA Vaccines
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7625-7631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Rebecca T. Emeny, Cosette M. Wheeler, Kathrin U. Jansen, William C. Hunt, Tong-Ming Fu, Judith F. Smith, Stefani MacMullen, Mark T. Esser, and Xavier Paliard

Priming of Human Papillomavirus Type 11-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in College-Aged Women with a Virus-Like Particle Vaccine
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7832-7842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Luis M. Schang, Andrew Bantly, Marie Knockaert, Farida Shaheen, Laurent Meijer, Michael H. Malim, Nathanael S. Gray, and Priscilla A. Schaffer

Pharmacological Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors Inhibit Replication of Wild-Type and Drug-Resistant Strains of Herpes Simplex Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Targeting Cellular, Not Viral, Proteins
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7874-7882. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Diane E. Webster, Michelle L. Cooney, Zhongjun Huang, Damien R. Drew, Ian A. Ramshaw, Ian B. Dry, Richard A. Strugnell, Jenny L. Martin, and Steve L. Wesselingh

Successful Boosting of a DNA Measles Immunization with an Oral Plant-Derived Measles Virus Vaccine
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7910-7912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Structure and Assembly:

David A. McClelland, James D. Aitken, David Bhella, David McNab, Joyce Mitchell, Sharon M. Kelly, Nicholas C. Price, and Frazer J. Rixon

pH Reduction as a Trigger for Dissociation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Scaffolds
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7407-7417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Lisette Cohen, Danièle Bénichou, and Annette Martin

Analysis of Deletion Mutants Indicates that the 2A Polypeptide of Hepatitis A Virus Participates in Virion Morphogenesis
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7495-7505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Reginald F. Clayton, Ania Owsianka, Jim Aitken, Susan Graham, David Bhella, and Arvind H. Patel

Analysis of Antigenicity and Topology of E2 Glycoprotein Present on Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus-Like Particles
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7672-7682. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Norbert Schülke, Mika S. Vesanen, Rogier W. Sanders, Ping Zhu, Min Lu, Deborah J. Anselma, Anthony R. Villa, Paul W. H. I. Parren, James M. Binley, Kenneth H. Roux, Paul J. Maddon, John P. Moore, and William C. Olson

Oligomeric and Conformational Properties of a Proteolytically Mature, Disulfide-Stabilized Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp140 Envelope Glycoprotein
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7760-7776. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Annie Charpilienne, Jean Lepault, Felix Rey, and Jean Cohen

Identification of Rotavirus VP6 Residues Located at the Interface with VP2 That Are Essential for Capsid Assembly and Transcriptase Activity
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7822-7831. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Naiqian Cheng, Benes L. Trus, David M. Belnap, William W. Newcomb, Jay C. Brown, and Alasdair C. Steven

Handedness of the Herpes Simplex Virus Capsid and Procapsid
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7855-7859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Rob J. Center, Richard D. Leapman, Jacob Lebowitz, Larry O. Arthur, Patricia L. Earl, and Bernard Moss

Oligomeric Structure of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Protein on the Virion Surface
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7863-7867. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Replication:

Hong Tang and Alan McLachlan

Avian and Mammalian Hepadnaviruses Have Distinct Transcription Factor Requirements for Viral Replication
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7468-7472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Wen-hui Zhang, Carey K. Hwang, Wei-Shau Hu, Robert J. Gorelick, and Vinay K. Pathak

Zinc Finger Domain of Murine Leukemia Virus Nucleocapsid Protein Enhances the Rate of Viral DNA Synthesis in Vivo
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7473-7484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Yan Yang, Rene Rijnbrand, Kevin L. McKnight, Eckard Wimmer, Aniko Paul, Annette Martin, and Stanley M. Lemon

Sequence Requirements for Viral RNA Replication and VPg Uridylylation Directed by the Internal cis-Acting Replication Element (cre) of Human Rhinovirus Type 14
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7485-7494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Carolyn S. Rinke, Paul L. Boyer, Mark D. Sullivan, Stephen H. Hughes, and Maxine L. Linial

Mutation of the Catalytic Domain of the Foamy Virus Reverse Transcriptase Leads to Loss of Processivity and Infectivity
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7560-7570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Shannon Morris, Michael Johnson, Ed Stavnezer, and Jonathan Leis

Replication of Avian Sarcoma Virus In Vivo Requires an Interaction between the Viral RNA and the TC Loop of the tRNA^Trp Primer
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7571-7577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Bodil Øster and Per Höllsberg

Viral Gene Expression Patterns in Human Herpesvirus 6B-Infected T Cells
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7578-7586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Edward E. Hinzman, John N. Barr, and Gail W. Wertz

Identification of an Upstream Sequence Element Required for Vesicular Stomatitis Virus mRNA Transcription
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7632-7641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Gail W. Wertz, Robin Moudy, and L. Andrew Ball

Adding Genes to the RNA Genome of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Positional Effects on Stability of Expression
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7642-7650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Amedeo De Tomassi, Maura Pizzuti, Rita Graziani, Andrea Sbardellati, Sergio Altamura, Giacomo Paonessa, and Cinzia Traboni

Cell Clones Selected from the Huh7 Human Hepatoma Cell Line Support Efficient Replication of a Subgenomic GB Virus B Replicon
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7736-7746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Laurent Lefèbvre, Vincenzo Ciminale, Alain Vanderplasschen, Donna D'Agostino, Arsène Burny, Luc Willems, and Richard Kettmann

Subcellular Localization of the Bovine Leukemia Virus R3 and G4 Accessory Proteins
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7843-7854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Amalio Telenti, Raquel Martinez, Miguel Munoz, Gabriela Bleiber, Gilbert Greub, Dominique Sanglard, and Solange Peters

Analysis of Natural Variants of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gag-pol Frameshift Stem-Loop Structure
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7868-7873. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

David P. AuCoin, Kelly S. Colletti, Yiyang Xu, Sylvia A. Cei, and Gregory S. Pari

Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8) Contains Two Functional Lytic Origins of DNA Replication
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7890-7896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Jürgen H. Blusch, Sigrid Seelmeir, and Klaus von der Helm

Molecular and Enzymatic Characterization of the Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus Protease
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7913-7917. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Recombination and Evolution:

Jon B. Huder, Jürg Böni, Jean-Michel Hatt, Guido Soldati, Hans Lutz, and Jörg Schüpbach

Identification and Characterization of Two Closely Related Unclassifiable Endogenous Retroviruses in Pythons (Python molurus and Python curtus)
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7607-7615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Thomas G. Fanning, Richard D. Slemons, Ann H. Reid, Thomas A. Janczewski, James Dean, and Jeffery K. Taubenberger

1917 Avian Influenza Virus Sequences Suggest that the 1918 Pandemic Virus Did Not Acquire Its Hemagglutinin Directly from Birds
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7860-7862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Wenfeng An and Alice Telesnitsky

Effects of Varying Sequence Similarity on the Frequency of Repeat Deletion during Reverse Transcription of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vector
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7897-7902. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

Gene Therapy:

Grace S. Yang, Michael Schmidt, Ziying Yan, Jonathan D. Lindbloom, Thomas C. Harding, Brian A. Donahue, John F. Engelhardt, Robert Kotin, and Beverly L. Davidson

Virus-Mediated Transduction of Murine Retina with Adeno-Associated Virus: Effects of Viral Capsid and Genome Size
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7651-7660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

B. T. Ober, P. Brühl, M. Schmidt, V. Wieser, W. Gritschenberger, S. Coulibaly, H. Savidis-Dacho, M. Gerencer, and F. G. Falkner

Immunogenicity and Safety of Defective Vaccinia Virus Lister: Comparison with Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara
J. Virol. 2002 76: 7713-7723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [Reprints and Permissions]  

To see an article, click its [Full Text] link. To review many abstracts, check the boxes to the left of the titles you want, and click the 'Get All Checked Abstract(s)' button. To see one abstract at a time, click its [Abstract] link.