Novel, Potentially Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses from the African Straw-Colored Fruit Bat Eidolon helvum
- Kate S. Bakera,b,c,
- Shawn Toddc,
- Glenn A. Marshc,
- Gary Crameric,
- Jennifer Barrc,
- Alexandra O. Kaminsa,b,
- Alison J. Peela,b,
- Meng Yuc,
- David T. S. Haymana,b,d,
- Behzad Nadjme,
- George Mtovef,
- Benjamin Amosg,
- Hugh Reyburne,
- Edward Nyarkoh,
- Richard Suu-Irei,j,
- Pablo R. Murciak,
- Andrew A. Cunninghamb,
- James L. N. Wooda and
- Lin-Fa Wangc,l
- aDisease Dynamics Unit, University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- bInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, United Kingdom
- cCSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratories, East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- dDepartment of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- eLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- fNational Institute for Medical Research, Amani Centre, Tanga, Tanzania
- gTeule Hospital, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania
- hMilitary Hospital 37, Accra, Ghana
- iWildlife Division of the Forestry Commission, Accra, Ghana
- jUniversity of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- kMRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- lProgram in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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Fig 1Growth of AchPVs in cell culture. (A) Cytopathic effect of AchPVs on Vero and PaKi cell monolayers (4× magnification) at day 5 postinfection and (B) daily viral titers of AchPV1 (gray markers) and AchPV 2 (black markers) recovered from both Vero (dashed lines) and PaKi (solid lines) cell monolayers over a seven-day infection period.
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Fig 2Fifty-five-nucleotide 3′ leaders and 5′ trailers (in reverse complement) of Achimota viruses (AchPV), Tuhoko viruses (ThkPV), Menangle virus (MenPV), Tioman virus (TioPV), porcine rubulavirus (PorPV), and mumps virus (MuV). Residues identical to the 3′ leader of AchPV have been marked as dots. The gray boxes highlight those viruses in which the reverse complementary nature of the 5′ trailer is compromised by an AG couplet at positions 5 and 6.
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Fig 3Paramyxovirinae nucleoprotein phylogenetic tree. The tree is Bayesian inferred from a gap-stripped 532-amino-acid alignment of nucleoproteins from viruses representative of the Paramyxovirinae. Node labels are posterior probability values, and the bar represents 0.3 amino acid substitutions per site. Accession numbers for reference viruses used in the alignment are as shown. The viruses whose antisera failed to neutralize AchPVs in serum neutralization testing (SNT) are marked with an asterisk. The viruses which AchPV1- and AchPV2-neutralizing E. helvum sera failed to neutralize are marked with a triangle. The viruses against which AchPV1-specific rabbit sera was tested for neutralization are marked with a circle. This sera was found to neutralize only AchPV1 (filled circle).
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Fig 4AchPV1 and AchPV2 seroprevalence for 157 E. helvum samples from Accra, Ghana, by time of collection (A) and bat age group (B). The error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Numbers in parentheses represent the sample size of each group.
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Fig 5Relationship between reciprocal titers of AchPV1 and AchPV2 neutralization for 52 E. helvum serum samples from Ghana and Tanzania that neutralized either virus. The number of samples is adjacent to each marker. Linear regression (line) with residual sum of squares (R2) is shown.
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