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J. Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.02581-06
Copyright (c) 2007, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved.

Multiple anti-interferon actions of the Influenza A virus NS1 protein

Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, D-79008 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Microbiology, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY10029, USA

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: georg.kochs{at}uniklinik-freiburg.de. Luis.Martinez{at}mssm.edu.

	Abstract

Replication and pathogenicity of Influenza A virus (FLUAV) are in part controlled by the interferon (IFN/) system. This virus-host interplay is dependent on the production of IFN/ and on the capacity of the viral non-structural protein NS1 to counteract the IFN system. Two different mechanisms have been described for NS1: Blocking the activation of the IFN regulatory factor-3, IRF3, and a block of post-transcriptional processing of cellular mRNAs. Here, we directly compared the ability of NS1 gene products from three different human FLUAV (H1N1) strains to counteract the antiviral host response. We found that A/PR/8/34-NS1 has a strong capacity to inhibit IRF3 and activation of the IFN promoter, but was unable to suppress expression of other cellular genes. By contrast, NS1 proteins of A/Tx/36/91 and of A/BM/1/18, the virus that caused the Spanish influenza pandemic, caused suppression of additional cellular gene expression. Thus, these NS1 proteins prevented the establishment of an IFN-induced antiviral state, allowing virus replication even in the presence of IFN. Interestingly, the block in gene expression was dependent on a newly described NS1 domain that is important for interaction with the CPSF component of the cellular pre-mRNA processing machinery but is not functional in A/PR/8/34-NS1. We identified Phe-103 and Met-106 residues in NS1 as being critical for CPSF binding together with the previously described C-terminal binding domain. Our results demonstrate the capacity of FLUAV-NS1 to suppress the antiviral host defense at multiple levels, and the existence of strain specific differences that may modulate virus pathogenicity.

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