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J. Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.02447-06
Copyright (c) 2007, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved.

A CTCF-dependent chromatin boundary element exists between the LAT and ICP0 promoters in the HSV-1 genome

The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: zhouj{at}wistar.org.

	Abstract

Cells latently infected with HSV contain nucleosomal DNA similar to that of host cell chromatin. Recent studies have demonstrated that histones in the latency-associated transcript (LAT) promoter and intron regions contain histone modifications permissive for transcription. However, those histones associated with the lytic-specific ICP0 gene, which lies only 5 kb away, contain modifications typical of silenced chromatin. How this active chromatin is kept separate from the repressed chromatin in the nearby ICP0 region remains crucial to the understanding of the HSV lytic cycle. In this study, we show that the LAT intron region contains an insulator. Specifically, we show that an 800 bp region from the LAT intron can block enhancers, in both tissue culture cells and Drosophila embryos. Importantly, the 800 bp HSV insulator protects a LAT transgene from positional effects in Drosophila eye tissue. The 800 bp region contains nine copies of 16 bp repeats. In vitro EMSA analysis revealed that CTCF interacts with the CTCCC sequence within the repeats. In vivo ChIP assay demonstrated that CTCF interacts with these repeats in latently infected trigeminal ganglion neurons. The deletion of these repeats impaired insulator activity in human K562 cells and Drosophila embryos. Finally, DsRNA knock down of CTCF disrupts enhancer blocking activity of the LAT insulator in transfected Drosophila S3 cells. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the 800 bp DNA in the LAT intron region works as a chromatin boundary during latency to separate active chromatin associated with the LAT promoter region from repressed chromatin in the ICP0 gene.