This Article Full Text (PDF) Other Versions of this Article: JVI.02316-06v1 81/6/2635    most recent Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Xu, K. M. Articles by Guan, Y. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Xu, K. M. Articles by Guan, Y.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

J. Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.02316-06
Copyright (c) 2006, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved.

Evolution and molecular epidemiology of H9N2 influenza A viruses from quail in southern China, 2000 to 2005

Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC & HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Sing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China; and Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: yguan{at}hkucc.hku.hk.

	Abstract

H9N2 influenza viruses have become established and maintain long-term endemicity in terrestrial poultry in Asian countries. Occasionally these viruses transmit to other mammals including humans. Increasing epidemiological and laboratory findings suggest that quail may be an important host as they are susceptible to different subtypes of influenza viruses. To better understand the role of quail in influenza ecology and evolution, H9N2 viruses isolated from quail during 2000 to 2005 were antigenically and genetically characterized. Our results showed that H9N2 viruses are prevalent year-round in southern China and mainly replicate asymptomatically in the respiratory tract of quail. Genetic analysis revealed that both the G1-like and Ck/Bei-like H9N2 lineages were co-circulating in quail since 2000. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that most of the isolates tested were double or multiple reassortant variants, with four G1-like and 16 Ck/Bei-like genotypes recognized. A novel genotype of G1-like virus became predominant in quail since 2003, while multiple Ck/Bei-like genotypes were introduced to quail wherein they incorporated G1-like gene segments, but none of them became established in this host. Those Ck/Bei-like reassortants generated in quail have then been introduced to other poultry. These complex interactions form a two-way transmission system between quail and other types of poultry. The present study provides evidence that H9N2 and H5N1 subtype viruses have also exchanged gene segments to generate currently circulating reassortants of both subtypes that have pandemic potential. Continuing influenza surveillance in poultry is critical to understanding the genesis and emergence of potentially pandemic strains in this region.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Gall, A., Hoffmann, B., Harder, T., Grund, C., Beer, M. (2008). Universal Primer Set for Amplification and Sequencing of HA0 Cleavage Sites of All Influenza A Viruses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46: 2561-2567 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Xu, K. M., Smith, G. J. D., Bahl, J., Duan, L., Tai, H., Vijaykrishna, D., Wang, J., Zhang, J. X., Li, K. S., Fan, X. H., Webster, R. G., Chen, H., Peiris, J. S. M., Guan, Y. (2007). The Genesis and Evolution of H9N2 Influenza Viruses in Poultry from Southern China, 2000 to 2005. J. Virol. 81: 10389-10401 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cheung, C. L., Vijaykrishna, D., Smith, G. J. D., Fan, X. H., Zhang, J. X., Bahl, J., Duan, L., Huang, K., Tai, H., Wang, J., Poon, L. L. M., Peiris, J. S. M., Chen, H., Guan, Y. (2007). Establishment of Influenza A Virus (H6N1) in Minor Poultry Species in Southern China. J. Virol. 81: 10402-10412 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lebarbenchon, C., Chang, C.-M., van der Werf, S., Aubin, J.-T., Kayser, Y., Ballesteros, M., Renaud, F., Thomas, F., Gauthier-Clerc, M. (2007). Influenza A Virus in Birds during Spring Migration in the Camargue, France. J Wildl Dis 43: 789-793 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Duan, L., Campitelli, L., Fan, X. H., Leung, Y. H. C., Vijaykrishna, D., Zhang, J. X., Donatelli, I., Delogu, M., Li, K. S., Foni, E., Chiapponi, C., Wu, W. L., Kai, H., Webster, R. G., Shortridge, K. F., Peiris, J. S. M., Smith, G. J. D., Chen, H., Guan, Y. (2007). Characterization of Low-Pathogenic H5 Subtype Influenza Viruses from Eurasia: Implications for the Origin of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Viruses. J. Virol. 81: 7529-7539 [Abstract] [Full Text]