The 29-nucleotide deletion present in human but not in animal SARS coronaviruses disrupts the functional expression of open reading frame 8

Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: P.J.M.Rottier{at}vet.uu.nl.

	Abstract

One of the most striking and dramatic genomic changes observed in the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) isolated from humans soon after its zoonotic transmission from palm civets was the acquisition of a characteristic 29-nucleotide deletion. This occurred in open reading frame 8 (ORF8), one of the accessory genes unique to the SARS-CoV. The function of ORF8 and the significance of the deletion are unknown. The intact ORF8 present in animal and some early human isolates encodes a 122 amino acid polypeptide (8ab⁺), which we expressed in cells using the vaccinia virus T7-expression system. It was found to contain a cleavable signal sequence, which directs the precursor to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mediates its translocation into the lumen. The cleaved protein became N-glycosylated, assembled into disulfide-linked homomultimeric complexes and remained stably in the ER. The 29-nucleotide deletion splits ORF8 in two ORFs, 8a and 8b, encoding 39- and 84-residue polypeptides. The 8a polypeptide is likely to remain in the cytoplasm, as it is too small for its signal sequence to function and will therefore be directly released from the ribosome. However, we could not confirm this experimentally due to the lack of proper antibodies. ORF8b appeared not to be expressed, neither in SARS-CoV infected cells nor when expressed from mRNA's mimicking mRNA8. This was due to the context of the internal AUG initiation codon, as we demonstrated after placing the ORF8b immediately behind the T7 promoter. A soluble, unmodified and monomeric 8b protein was now expressed in the cytoplasm, which was highly unstable and rapidly degraded. Clearly, the 29-deletion disrupts the proper expression of the SARS-CoV ORF8, the implications of which are discussed.