JVI Accepts, published online ahead of print on 23 April 2008

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J. Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.00251-08
Copyright (c) 2008, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved.

Genetic analysis of Israel Acute Paralysis Virus: distinct clusters are circulating in the United States

G. Palacios^*, J. Hui, P. L. Quan, A. Kalkstein, K. S. Honkavuori, A. V. Bussetti, S. Conlan, J. Evans, Y. P. Chen, D. vanEngelsdorp, H. Efrat, J. Pettis, D. Cox-Foster, E. C. Holmes, T. Briese, and W. I. Lipkin

Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University. NY, USA; Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA; Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA; The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry - Apiculture, Harrisburg, PA, USA; Department of Entomology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel; Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: gp2050{at}columbia.edu.

Israel Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV) is associated with Colony Collapse Disorder of honey bees. Nonetheless, its role in the pathogenesis of this disorder and its geographic distribution are unclear. Here we report phylogenetic analysis of IAPV obtained from bees in the United States, Canada, Australia and Israel and the establishment of diagnostic real time polymerase chain reaction assays for IAPV detection. Our data indicate the existence of at least three distinct IAPV lineages, two of them circulating in the United States. Analysis of representatives from each proposed lineage suggests the possibility of recombination events and reveals differences in coding sequence that may have implications for virulence.