JVI Accepts, published online ahead of print on 16 April 2008

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J. Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.00044-08
Copyright (c) 2008, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved.

Identification of a physiological phosphorylation site of the Herpes simplex virus 1-encoded protein kinase Us3 which regulates its optimal catalytic activity in vitro and influences its function in infected cells

Akihisa Kato, Michiko Tanaka, Mayuko Yamamoto, Risa Asai, Tetsutaro Sata, Yukihiro Nishiyama, and Yasushi Kawaguchi^*

Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639; Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550; Saitama, 332-0012; Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: ykawagu{at}ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp.

Us3 is a serine-threonine protein kinase encoded by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Here, we report the identification of a physiological Us3 phosphorylation site on serine at position 147 (Ser-147) which regulates its protein kinase activity in vitro. Moreover, mutation of this site influences Us3 function, including correct localization of the enzyme and induction of the usual morphological changes in HSV-1-infected cells. These conclusions are based on the following observations: (i) in in vitro kinase assays, a domain of Us3 containing Ser-147 was specifically phosphorylated by Us3 and protein kinase A, while a mutant domain in which Ser-147 was replaced with alanine was not; (ii) in vitro, alanine replacement of Ser-147 (S147A) in Us3 resulted in significant impairment of the kinase activity of the purified molecule expressed in a baculovirus system; (iii) phosphorylation of Ser-147 in Us3 tagged with the monomeric fluorescent protein VenusA206K (VenusA206K-Us3) from Vero cells infected with a recombinant HSV-1 encoding VenusA206K-Us3 was specifically detected using an antibody that recognizes phosphorylated serine or threonine residues with arginine at the -3 and -2 positions; and (iv) the S147A mutation influenced some but not all Us3 functions including the ability of the protein to localize itself properly and to induce wild-type cytopathic effects in infected cells. Our results suggest that some of the regulatory activities of Us3 in infected cells are controlled by phosphorylation at Ser-147.

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