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Journal of Virology, April 2008, p. 3632-3641, Vol. 82, No. 7
0022-538X/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00599-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

IRF-1 Is Required for Full NF-{kappa}B Transcriptional Activity at the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Long Terminal Repeat Enhancer{triangledown}

Marco Sgarbanti,1,{dagger} Anna L. Remoli,1,{dagger} Giulia Marsili,1,{dagger} Barbara Ridolfi,2 Alessandra Borsetti,2 Edvige Perrotti,1 Roberto Orsatti,1 Ramona Ilari,1 Leonardo Sernicola,2 Emilia Stellacci,1 Barbara Ensoli,2 and Angela Battistini1*

Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases,1 National AIDS Centre, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy2

Received 20 March 2007/ Accepted 9 January 2008

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gene expression is controlled by a complex interplay between viral and host factors. We have previously shown that interferon-regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) is stimulated early after HIV-1 infection and regulates promoter transcriptional activity even in the absence of the viral transactivator Tat. In this work we demonstrate that IRF-1 is also required for full NF-{kappa}B transcriptional activity. We provide evidence that IRF-1 and NF-{kappa}B form a functional complex at the long terminal repeat (LTR) {kappa}B sites, which is abolished by specific mutations in the two adjacent {kappa}B sites in the enhancer region. Silencing IRF-1 with small interfering RNA resulted in impaired NF-{kappa}B-mediated transcriptional activity and in repressed HIV-1 transcription early in de novo-infected T cells. These data indicate that in early phases of HIV-1 infection or during virus reactivation from latency, when the viral transactivator is absent or present at very low levels, IRF-1 is an additional component of the p50/p65 heterodimer binding the LTR enhancer, absolutely required for efficient HIV-1 replication.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, Rome 00161, Italy. Phone: (3906) 49903266. Fax: (3906) 49902082. E-mail: battist{at}iss.it

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 23 January 2008.

{dagger} These authors contributed equally to this work.

Journal of Virology, April 2008, p. 3632-3641, Vol. 82, No. 7
0022-538X/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00599-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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