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Journal of Virology, September 2008, p. 8629-8646, Vol. 82, No. 17
0022-538X/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00616-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Linker Histones Are Mobilized during Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1{triangledown}

Kristen L. Conn,1 Michael J. Hendzel,2 and Luis M. Schang1,3*

Departments of Biochemistry,1 Experimental Oncology,2 Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada3

Received 19 March 2008/ Accepted 13 June 2008

Histones interact with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genomes and localize to replication compartments early during infections. However, HSV-1 genomes do not interact with histones in virions and are deposited in nuclear domains devoid of histones. Moreover, late viral replication compartments are also devoid of histones. The processes whereby histones come to interact with HSV-1 genomes, to be later displaced, remain unknown. However, they would involve the early movement of histones to the domains containing HSV-1 genomes and the later movement away from them. Histones unbind from chromatin, diffuse through the nucleoplasm, and rebind at different sites. Such mobility is upregulated by, for example, phosphorylation or acetylation. We evaluated whether HSV-1 infection modulates histone mobility, using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. All somatic H1 variants were mobilized to different degrees. H1.2, the most mobilized, was mobilized at 4 h and further so at 7 h after infection, resulting in increases in its "free" pools. H1.2 was mobilized to a "basal" degree under conditions of little to no HSV-1 protein expression. This basal mobilization required nuclear native HSV-1 genomes but was independent of HSV-1 proteins and most likely due to cellular responses. Mobilization above this basal degree, and increases in H1.2 free pools, however, depended on immediate-early or early HSV-1 proteins, but not on HSV-1 genome replication or late proteins. Linker histone mobilization is a novel consequence of cell-virus interactions, which is consistent with the dynamic interactions between histones and HSV-1 genomes during lytic infection; it may also participate in the regulation of viral gene expression.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: 327 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada. Phone: (780) 492-6265. Fax: (780) 492-3383. E-mail: luis.schang{at}ualberta.ca

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 25 June 2008.

Journal of Virology, September 2008, p. 8629-8646, Vol. 82, No. 17
0022-538X/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00616-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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