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Journal of Virology, March 2007, p. 2736-2744, Vol. 81, No. 6
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0 doi:10.1128/JVI.02336-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
Role of Host Cytokine Responses in the Pathogenesis of Avian H5N1 Influenza Viruses in Mice
Kristy J. Szretter,1,3
Shivaprakash Gangappa,1,
Xuihua Lu,1
Chalanda Smith,2
Wun-Ju Shieh,2
Sherif R. Zaki,2
Suryaprakash Sambhara,1
Terrence M. Tumpey,1 and
Jacqueline M. Katz1*
Influenza Branch,1
Infectious Disease Pathology Activity, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333,2
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 303223
Received 24 October 2006/
Accepted 11 December 2006
Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses are now widespread in poultry in Asia and have recently spread to some African and European countries. Interspecies transmission of these viruses to humans poses a major threat to public health. To better understand the basis of pathogenesis of H5N1 viruses, we have investigated the role of proinflammatory cytokines in transgenic mice deficient in interleukin-6 (IL-6), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1
), IL-1 receptor (IL-1R), or tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) by the use of two avian influenza A viruses isolated from humans, A/Hong Kong/483/97 (HK/483) and A/Hong Kong/486/97 (HK/486), which exhibit high and low lethality in mice, respectively. The course of disease and the extent of virus replication and spread in IL-6- and MIP-1
-deficient mice were not different from those observed in wild-type mice during acute infection with 1,000 50% mouse infective doses of either H5N1 virus. However, with HK/486 virus, IL-1R-deficient mice exhibited heightened morbidity and mortality due to infection, whereas no such differences were observed with the more virulent HK/483 virus. Furthermore, TNFR1-deficient mice exhibited significantly reduced morbidity following challenge with either H5N1 virus but no difference in viral replication and spread or ultimate disease outcome compared with wild-type mice. These results suggest that TNF-
may contribute to morbidity during H5N1 influenza virus infection, while IL-1 may be important for effective virus clearance in nonlethal H5N1 disease.
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Influenza Branch MS G-16, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30333. Phone: (404) 639-4966. Fax: (404) 639-2334. E-mail:
JKatz{at}cdc.gov.
Published ahead of print on 20 December 2006.
Present address: Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.
Journal of Virology, March 2007, p. 2736-2744, Vol. 81, No. 6
0022-538X/07/$08.00+0 doi:10.1128/JVI.02336-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
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