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Journal of Virology, March 2006, p. 2151-2161, Vol. 80, No. 5
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.80.5.2151-2161.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Comparison of the Replication of Influenza A Viruses in Chinese Ring-Necked Pheasants and Chukar Partridges

Jennifer Humberd,1 Yi Guan,2,3 and Robert G. Webster1*

Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee,1 Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine, Building 21, Sasson Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China,2 Joint Influenza Research Center (SUMC & HKU) Shantou Univeristy Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, People's Republic of China3

Received 12 August 2005/ Accepted 22 November 2005

We investigated the replication and transmission of avian influenza A viruses in two species thought to be intermediate hosts in the spread of influenza A viruses in live poultry markets: Chinese ring-necked pheasants and chukar partridges. All 15 hemagglutinin subtypes replicated in pheasants, and most subtypes transmitted to naïve contact pheasants, primarily via the fecal-oral route. Many viruses were shed from the gastrointestinal tract of experimentally inoculated pheasants for 14 days or longer. Virus was isolated from the cloacal swabs of one contact pheasant for an unprecedented 45 days. Chukar partridges were less susceptible to infection with avian influenza viruses. The viruses that replicated in chukar partridges were isolated for 7 days after experimental inoculation, predominantly from the respiratory tract. We detected high neutralizing antibody titers with correspondingly low levels of serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers in pheasants and chukar partridges when chicken red blood cells were used in serological analyses. When horse erythrocytes were used, antibody titers were comparable to those obtained by using the neutralization assay. More importantly, the results suggested that pheasants can serve as a reservoir of influenza virus. Because of their continuous asymptomatic infection and longer stay in the markets, pheasants are ideal "carriers" of influenza A viruses. Their continued presence in live markets contributes to the perpetuation and genetic interaction of influenza viruses there. On the basis of our findings, it does not make good sense to ban quail but not pheasants from the live markets.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105-2794. Phone: (901) 495-3400. Fax: (901) 523-2622. E-mail: robert.webster{at}stjude.org.

Journal of Virology, March 2006, p. 2151-2161, Vol. 80, No. 5
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.80.5.2151-2161.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Xu, K. M., Smith, G. J. D., Bahl, J., Duan, L., Tai, H., Vijaykrishna, D., Wang, J., Zhang, J. X., Li, K. S., Fan, X. H., Webster, R. G., Chen, H., Peiris, J. S. M., Guan, Y. (2007). The Genesis and Evolution of H9N2 Influenza Viruses in Poultry from Southern China, 2000 to 2005. J. Virol. 81: 10389-10401 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Humberd, J., Boyd, K., Webster, R. G. (2007). Emergence of Influenza A Virus Variants after Prolonged Shedding from Pheasants. J. Virol. 81: 4044-4051 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


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