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Journal of Virology, November 2006, p. 10652-10662, Vol. 80, No. 21
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01183-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Integrity of Membrane Lipid Rafts Is Necessary for the Ordered Assembly and Release of Infectious Newcastle Disease Virus Particles

Jason P. Laliberte,1 Lori W. McGinnes,2 Mark E. Peeples,3 and Trudy G. Morrison1,2*

Program in Immunology/Virology,1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655,2 Columbus Children's Research Institute, Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 432053

Received 7 June 2006/ Accepted 5 August 2006

Membrane lipid raft domains are thought to be sites of assembly for many enveloped viruses. The roles of both classical lipid rafts and lipid rafts associated with the membrane cytoskeleton in the assembly of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were investigated. The lipid raft-associated proteins caveolin-1, flotillin-2, and actin were incorporated into virions, while the non-lipid raft-associated transferrin receptor was excluded. Kinetic analyses of the distribution of viral proteins in lipid rafts, as defined by detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), in non-lipid raft membranes, and in virions showed an accumulation of HN, F, and NP viral proteins in lipid rafts early after synthesis. Subsequently, these proteins exited the DRMs and were recovered quantitatively in purified virions, while levels of these proteins in detergent-soluble cell fractions remained relatively constant. Cholesterol depletion of infected cells drastically altered the association of viral proteins with DRMs and resulted in an enhanced release of virus particles with reduced infectivity. Decreased infectivity was not due to effects on subsequent virus entry, since the extraction of cholesterol from intact virus did not significantly reduce infectivity. Particles released from cholesterol-depleted cells had very heterogeneous densities and altered ratios of NP and glycoproteins, demonstrating structural abnormalities which potentially contributed to their lowered infectivity. Taken together, these results indicate that lipid rafts, including cytoskeleton-associated lipid rafts, are sites of NDV assembly and that these domains are important for ordered assembly and release of infectious Newcastle disease virus particles.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655. Phone: (508) 856-6592. Fax: (508) 856-5920. E-mail: trudy.morrison{at}umassmed.edu.

Journal of Virology, November 2006, p. 10652-10662, Vol. 80, No. 21
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.01183-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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