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Journal of Virology, June 2006, p. 5958-5967, Vol. 80, No. 12
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00181-06

The NS2 Protein of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Suppresses the Cytotoxic T-Cell Response as a Consequence of Suppressing the Type I Interferon Response

Alexander Kotelkin,¹ Igor M. Belyakov,² Lijuan Yang,¹ Jay A. Berzofsky,² Peter L. Collins,¹ and Alexander Bukreyev^1*

Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,¹ Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8007²

Received 26 January 2006/ Accepted 31 March 2006

The NS1 and NS2 proteins of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) have been shown to antagonize the type I interferon (IFN) response, an effect subject to host range constraints. We have now found that the HRSV NS2 protein strongly controls IFN induction in mouse cells in vitro, validating the use of the mouse model to study the consequences of these gene deletions on host immunity. We evaluated the effects of deleting the NS1 and/or NS2 gene on the induction of HRSV-specific pulmonary cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in BALB/c and 129S6 mice in response to intranasal infection with HRSV lacking the NS1 and/or NS2 gene and subsequent challenge with wild-type (wt) HRSV. In mice infected with HRSV lacking the NS2 gene (NS2) or lacking the NS2 gene in combination with the NS1 gene (NS1/2 HRSV), the magnitude of the pulmonary CTL response was substantially elevated compared to that of mice infected with wt HRSV or the NS1 mutant, whether measured by binding of CD8⁺ cells to an HRSV-specific major histocompatibility complex class I tetramer, by measurement of CD8⁺ cells secreting gamma interferon (IFN-) in response to specific in vitro stimulation, or by a standard chromium release cell-killing assay. In contrast, in STAT1 knockout mice, which lack responsiveness to type I IFN, the level of IFN--secreting CD8⁺ cells was not significantly different for HRSV lacking the NS2 gene, suggesting that the increase in CTL observed in IFN-responsive mice is type I IFN dependent. Thus, the NS2 protein of HRSV suppresses the CTL component of the adaptive immune response, and this appears to be a consequence of its suppression of type I IFN.

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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Building 50, Room 6505, NIAID, NIH, 50 South Dr., MSC 8007, Bethesda, MD 20892-8007. Phone: (301) 594-1854. Fax: (301) 496-8312. E-mail: AB176v{at}nih.gov.

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Journal of Virology, June 2006, p. 5958-5967, Vol. 80, No. 12
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.00181-06

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