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Journal of Virology, May 2006, p. 4962-4970, Vol. 80, No. 10
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.80.10.4962-4970.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Phase I Evaluation of Intranasal Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine with Nontoxigenic Escherichia coli Enterotoxin and Novel Biovector as Mucosal Adjuvants, Using Adult Volunteers

Iain Stephenson,1 Maria C. Zambon,2 Anna Rudin,3 Anthony Colegate,4 Audino Podda,4 Roberto Bugarini,4 Giusseppe del Giudice,4 Ada Minutello,4 Susan Bonnington,1 Jan Holmgren,3 Kingston H. G. Mills,5 and Karl G. Nicholson1*

Infectious Diseases Unit, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, United Kingdom,1 Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, United Kingdom,2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Goteburg Vaccine Research Institute, Goteburg, Sweden,3 Chiron Vaccines, Siena, Italy,4 Department of Biochemistry, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland5

Received 16 November 2005/ Accepted 21 February 2006

Trivalent influenza virus A/Duck/Singapore (H5N3), A/Panama (H3N2), and B/Guandong vaccine preparations were used in a randomized, controlled, dose-ranging phase I study. The vaccines were prepared from highly purified hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from influenza viruses propagated in embryonated chicken eggs and inactivated with formaldehyde. We assigned 100 participants to six vaccine groups, as follows. Three intranasally vaccinated groups received 7.5-µg doses of hemagglutinin from each virus strain with either 3, 10, or 30 µg of heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin (LTK63) and 990 µg of a supramolecular biovector; one intranasally vaccinated group was given 7.5-µg doses of hemagglutinin with 30 µg of LTK63 without the biovector; and another intranasally vaccinated group received saline solution as a placebo. The final group received an intramuscular vaccine containing 15 µg hemagglutinin from each strain with MF59 adjuvant. The immunogenicity of two intranasal doses, delivered by syringe as drops into both nostrils with an interval of 1 week between, was compared with that of two inoculations by intramuscular delivery 3 weeks apart. The intramuscular and intranasal vaccine formulations were both immunogenic but stimulated different limbs of the immune system. The largest increase in circulating antibodies occurred in response to intramuscular vaccination; the largest mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) response occurred in response to mucosal vaccination. Current licensing criteria for influenza vaccines in the European Union were satisfied by serum hemagglutination inhibition responses to A/Panama and B/Guandong hemagglutinins given with MF59 adjuvant by injection and to B/Guandong hemagglutinin given intranasally with the highest dose of LTK63 and the biovector. Geometric mean serum antibody titers by hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization were significantly higher for each virus strain at 3 and 6 weeks in recipients of the intramuscular vaccine than in recipients of the intranasal vaccine. The immunogenicity of the intranasally delivered experimental vaccine varied by influenza virus strain. Mucosal IgA responses to A/Duck/Singapore (H5N3), A/Panama (H3N2), and B/Guandong were highest in participants given 30 µg LTK63 with the biovector, occurring in 7/15 (47%; P = 0.0103), 8/15 (53%; P = 0.0362), and 14/15 (93%; P = 0.0033) participants, respectively, compared to the placebo group. The addition of the biovector to the vaccine given with 30 µg LTK63 enhanced mucosal IgA responses to A/Duck/Singapore (H5N3) (P = 0.0491) and B/Guandong (P = 0.0028) but not to A/Panama (H3N2). All vaccines were well tolerated.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Infectious Diseases Unit, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, United Kingdom. Phone: 44-116-2586164. Fax: 44-116-2585067. E-mail: karlgnicholson{at}doctors.org.uk.

Journal of Virology, May 2006, p. 4962-4970, Vol. 80, No. 10
0022-538X/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.80.10.4962-4970.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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