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Journal of Virology, April 2005, p. 4033-4042, Vol. 79, No. 7
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.7.4033-4042.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Circumventing Tolerance to the Prion Protein (PrP): Vaccination with PrP-Displaying Retrovirus Particles Induces Humoral Immune Responses against the Native Form of Cellular PrP

Daphne Nikles,1,{dagger} Patricia Bach,2,{dagger} Klaus Boller,2 Christoph A. Merten,1 Fabio Montrasio,3 Frank L. Heppner,4 Adriano Aguzzi,4 Klaus Cichutek,1 Ulrich Kalinke,2* and Christian J. Buchholz1*

Divisions of Medical Biotechnology,1 Immunology,2 Prion Research, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany,3 Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland4

Received 9 June 2004/ Accepted 5 November 2004

Passive immunization with antibodies directed against the cellular form of the prion protein (PrPC) can protect against prion disease. However, active immunization with recombinant prion protein has so far failed to induce antibodies directed against native PrPC expressed on the cell surface. To develop an antiprion vaccine, a retroviral display system presenting either the full-length mouse PrP (PrP209) or the C-terminal 111 amino acids (PrP111) fused to the transmembrane domain of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor was established. Western blot analysis and immunogold electron microscopy of the retroviral display particles revealed successful incorporation of the fusion proteins into the particle membrane. Interestingly, retroviral particles displaying PrP111 (PrPD111 retroparticles) showed higher incorporation efficiencies than those displaying PrP209. Already 7 days after intravenous injection of PrPD111 retroparticles, PrPC-deficient mice (Prnpo/o) showed high immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG titers specifically binding the native PrPC molecule as expressed on the surface of T cells isolated from PrPC-overexpressing transgenic mice. More importantly, heterozygous Prnp+/o mice and also wild-type mice showed PrPC-specific IgM and IgG antibodies upon vaccination with PrPD111 retroparticles, albeit at considerably lower levels. Bacterially expressed recombinant PrP, in contrast, was unable to evoke IgG antibodies recognizing native PrPC in wild-type mice. Thus, our data show that PrP or parts thereof can be functionally displayed on retroviral particles and that immunization with PrP retroparticles may serve as a novel promising strategy for vaccination against transmissible spongiform encephalitis.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address for Ulrich Kalinke: Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany. Phone: 49-6103-772002. Fax: 49-6103-771253. E-mail: kalul{at}pei.de. Mailing address for Christian J. Buchholz: Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany. Phone: 49-6103-774011. Fax: 49-6103-771255. E-mail: bucch{at}pei.de.

{dagger} D.N. and P.B. contributed equally to this work.

Journal of Virology, April 2005, p. 4033-4042, Vol. 79, No. 7
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.7.4033-4042.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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