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Journal of Virology, February 2005, p. 1533-1542, Vol. 79, No. 3
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.3.1533-1542.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Elimination of Retroviral Infectivity by N-Ethylmaleimide with Preservation of Functional Envelope Glycoproteins

David R. Morcock,1 James A. Thomas,1 Tracy D. Gagliardi,1 Robert J. Gorelick,1 J. David Roser,1 Elena N. Chertova,1 Julian W. Bess Jr.,1 David E. Ott,1 Quentin J. Sattentau,2 Ines Frank,3 Melissa Pope,3 Jeffrey D. Lifson,1 Louis E. Henderson,1 and Bruce J. Crise1*

AIDS Vaccine Program, SAIC Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland,1 The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,2 Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York3

Received 8 July 2004/ Accepted 10 September 2004

The zinc finger motifs in retroviral nucleocapsid (NC) proteins are essential for viral replication. Disruption of these Cys-X2-Cys-X4-His-X4-Cys zinc-binding structures eliminates infectivity. To determine if N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) can inactivate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) preparations by alkylating cysteines of NC zinc fingers, we treated infectious virus with NEM and evaluated inactivation of infectivity in cell-based assays. Inactivation was rapid and proportional to the NEM concentration. NEM treatment of HIV-1 or SIV resulted in extensive covalent modification of NC and other internal virion proteins. In contrast, viral envelope glycoproteins, in which the cysteines are disulfide bonded, remained intact and functional, as assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography, fusion-from-without analyses, and dendritic cell capture. Quantitative PCR assays for reverse transcription intermediates showed that NEM and 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (aldrithiol-2), a reagent which inactivates retroviruses through oxidation of cysteines in internal virion proteins such as NC, blocked HIV-1 reverse transcription prior to the formation of minus-strand strong-stop products. However, the reverse transcriptase from NEM-treated virions remained active in exogenous template assays, consistent with a role for NC in reverse transcription. Since disruption of NC zinc finger structures by NEM blocks early postentry steps in the retroviral infection cycle, virus preparations with modified NC proteins may be useful as vaccine immunogens and probes of the role of NC in viral replication.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: AIDS Vaccine Program, SAIC Frederick, NCI—Frederick, Building 535, 5th Floor, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702. Phone: (301) 846-5739. Fax: (301) 846-5588. E-mail: criseb{at}ncifcrf.gov.

Journal of Virology, February 2005, p. 1533-1542, Vol. 79, No. 3
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.3.1533-1542.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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