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Journal of Virology, December 2005, p. 14909-14922, Vol. 79, No. 23
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.23.14909-14922.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Group-Specific Open Reading Frames Encode Nonessential Functions for Replication in Cell Cultures and Mice

Boyd Yount,1 Rhonda S. Roberts,1 Amy C. Sims,1 Damon Deming,2 Matthew B. Frieman,1 Jennifer Sparks,4 Mark R. Denison,4 Nancy Davis,3 and Ralph S. Baric1,2,3*

Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7435,1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7290,2 Carolina Vaccine Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7290,3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee4

Received 10 July 2005/ Accepted 1 September 2005

SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) encodes several unique group-specific open reading frames (ORFs) relative to other known coronaviruses. To determine the significance of the SARS-CoV group-specific ORFs in virus replication in vitro and in mice, we systematically deleted five of the eight group-specific ORFs, ORF3a, OF3b, ORF6, ORF7a, and ORF7b, and characterized recombinant virus replication and gene expression in vitro. Deletion of the group-specific ORFs of SARS-CoV, either alone or in various combinations, did not dramatically influence replication efficiency in cell culture or in the levels of viral RNA synthesis. The greatest reduction in virus growth was noted following ORF3a deletion. SARS-CoV spike (S) glycoprotein does not encode a rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)/Golgi retention signal, and it has been suggested that ORF3a interacts with and targets S glycoprotein retention in the rER/Golgi apparatus. Deletion of ORF3a did not alter subcellular localization of the S glycoprotein from distinct punctuate localization in the rER/Golgi apparatus. These data suggest that ORF3a plays little role in the targeting of S localization in the rER/Golgi apparatus. In addition, insertion of the 29-bp deletion fusing ORF8a/b into the single ORF8, noted in early-stage SARS-CoV human and civet cat isolates, had little if any impact on in vitro growth or RNA synthesis. All recombinant viruses replicated to wild-type levels in the murine model, suggesting that either the group-specific ORFs play little role in in vivo replication efficiency or that the mouse model is not of sufficient quality for discerning the role of the group-specific ORFs in disease origin and development.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, 2105D McGavran-Greenberg Hall, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435. Phone: (919) 966-3895. Fax: (919) 966-2089. E-mail: rbaric{at}email.unc.edu.

Journal of Virology, December 2005, p. 14909-14922, Vol. 79, No. 23
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.23.14909-14922.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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