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Journal of Virology, November 2005, p. 13561-13571, Vol. 79, No. 21
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.21.13561-13571.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Double-Stranded RNA Induces Sequence-Specific Antiviral Silencing in Addition to Nonspecific Immunity in a Marine Shrimp: Convergence of RNA Interference and Innate Immunity in the Invertebrate Antiviral Response?

Javier Robalino,1 Thomas Bartlett,1 Eleanor Shepard,2 Sarah Prior,2 Guillermo Jaramillo,3 Edward Scura,3 Robert W. Chapman,2 Paul S. Gross,1,4 Craig L. Browdy,2 and Gregory W. Warr1,4*

Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 221 Ft. Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412,1 Marine Resources Research Institute, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, 217 Ft. Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412,2 Shrimp Improvement Systems LLC, 88005 Overseas Highway 10-166, Islamorada, Florida 33036,3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 294254

Received 14 March 2005/ Accepted 3 August 2005

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a common by-product of viral infections and a potent inducer of innate antiviral immune responses in vertebrates. In the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, innate antiviral immunity is also induced by dsRNA in a sequence-independent manner. In this study, the hypothesis that dsRNA can evoke not only innate antiviral immunity but also a sequence-specific antiviral response in shrimp was tested. It was found that viral sequence-specific dsRNA affords potent antiviral immunity in vivo, implying the involvement of RNA interference (RNAi)-like mechanisms in the antiviral response of the shrimp. Consistent with the activation of RNAi by virus-specific dsRNA, endogenous shrimp genes could be silenced in a systemic fashion by the administration of cognate long dsRNA. While innate antiviral immunity, sequence-dependent antiviral protection, and gene silencing could all be induced by injection of long dsRNA molecules, injection of short interfering RNAs failed to induce similar responses, suggesting a size requirement for extracellular dsRNA to engage antiviral mechanisms and gene silencing. We propose a model of antiviral immunity in shrimp by which viral dsRNA engages not only innate immune pathways but also an RNAi-like mechanism to induce potent antiviral responses in vivo.

* Correspondingauthor. Mailing address: Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Ft. Johnson Road, Charleston SC 29412. Phone: (843) 762-8869. Fax: (843) 762-8737. E-mail: warrgw{at}musc.edu.

Journal of Virology, November 2005, p. 13561-13571, Vol. 79, No. 21
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.21.13561-13571.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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