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Journal of Virology, October 2005, p. 12132-12147, Vol. 79, No. 19
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.19.12132-12147.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Stoichiometry of Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers in the Entry of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Xinzhen Yang,1,2* Svetla Kurteva,1 Xinping Ren,1,2 Sandra Lee,3,4 and Joseph Sodroski1,2,5

Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS,1 Department of Biostatistical Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,3 Department of Pathology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,2 Department of Biostatistics,4 Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 021155

Received 24 March 2005/ Accepted 5 July 2005

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins (Envs) function as a trimer, mediating virus entry by promoting the fusion of the viral and target cell membranes. HIV-1 Env trimers induce membrane fusion through a pH-independent pathway driven by the interaction between an Env trimer and its cellular receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4. We studied viruses with mixed heterotrimers of wild-type and dominant-negative Envs to determine the number (T) of Env trimers required for HIV-1 entry. To our surprise, we found that a single Env trimer is capable of supporting HIV-1 entry; i.e., T = 1. A similar approach was applied to investigate the entry stoichiometry of envelope glycoproteins from amphotropic murine leukemia virus (A-MLV), avian sarcoma/leukosis virus type A (ASLV-A), and influenza A virus. When pseudotyped on HIV-1 virions, the A-MLV and ASLV-A Envs also exhibit a T = 1 entry stoichiometry. In contrast, eight to nine influenza A virus hemagglutinin trimers function cooperatively to achieve membrane fusion and virus entry, using a pH-dependent pathway. The different entry requirements for cooperativity among Env trimers for retroviruses and influenza A virus may influence viral strategies for replication and evasion of the immune system.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, 44 Binney Street, JFB 824, Boston, MA 02115. Phone: (617) 632-4359. Fax: (617) 632-4338. E-mail: xinzhen_yang{at}dfci.harvard.edu.

Journal of Virology, October 2005, p. 12132-12147, Vol. 79, No. 19
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.19.12132-12147.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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