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Journal of Virology, September 2005, p. 11269-11279, Vol. 79, No. 17
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.17.11269-11279.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Are Ducks Contributing to the Endemicity of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus in Asia?{dagger}

K. M. Sturm-Ramirez,1 D. J. Hulse-Post,1 E. A. Govorkova,1 J. Humberd,1 P. Seiler,1 P. Puthavathana,2 C. Buranathai,3 T. D. Nguyen,4 A. Chaisingh,5 H. T. Long,6 T. S. P. Naipospos,7 H. Chen,8 T. M. Ellis,9 Y. Guan,10,11 J. S. M. Peiris,10,11 and R. G. Webster1,12*

Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105,1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand,2 Division of Veterinary Epidemiology, Bureau of Diseases Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand,3 Department of Virology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam,4 Avian Virology Unit, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand,5 Virology Department, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam,6 MOA-Animal Health of DLGC, Jakarta Selatan 12550, Indonesia,7 Animal Influenza Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China,8 Tai Lung Veterinary Laboratory, Agriculture Fisheries and Conservation Department, Sheung Shui, New Territories, Hong Kong, China,9 Joint Influenza Research Centre, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, China,10 Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China,11 Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163,12

Received 21 February 2005/ Accepted 7 June 2005

Wild waterfowl are the natural reservoir of all influenza A viruses, and these viruses are usually nonpathogenic in these birds. However, since late 2002, H5N1 outbreaks in Asia have resulted in mortality among waterfowl in recreational parks, domestic flocks, and wild migratory birds. The evolutionary stasis between influenza virus and its natural host may have been disrupted, prompting us to ask whether waterfowl are resistant to H5N1 influenza virus disease and whether they can still act as a reservoir for these viruses. To better understand the biology of H5N1 viruses in ducks and attempt to answer this question, we inoculated juvenile mallards with 23 different H5N1 influenza viruses isolated in Asia between 2003 and 2004. All virus isolates replicated efficiently in inoculated ducks, and 22 were transmitted to susceptible contacts. Viruses replicated to higher levels in the trachea than in the cloaca of both inoculated and contact birds, suggesting that the digestive tract is not the main site of H5N1 influenza virus replication in ducks and that the fecal-oral route may no longer be the main transmission path. The virus isolates' pathogenicities varied from completely nonpathogenic to highly lethal and were positively correlated with tracheal virus titers. Nevertheless, the eight virus isolates that were nonpathogenic in ducks replicated and transmitted efficiently to naïve contacts, suggesting that highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses causing minimal signs of disease in ducks can propagate silently and efficiently among domestic and wild ducks in Asia and that they represent a serious threat to human and veterinary public health.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105-2794. Phone: (901) 495-3400. Fax: (901) 523-2622. E-mail: Robert.webster{at}stjude.org.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jvi.asm.org/.

Journal of Virology, September 2005, p. 11269-11279, Vol. 79, No. 17
0022-538X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JVI.79.17.11269-11279.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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